Béla Bartók's opera Duke Bluebeard's Castle is finally staged in Budapest, nine years after its composition

The British viceroy in Dublin imprisons 73 Sinn Fein leaders, including Eamon de Valera, on allegations of a German plot

British women are at last given the right to vote, but only if aged 30 or over

Lytton Strachey fails to show conventional respect to four famous Victorians in his influential volume of short biographes entitled Eminent Victorians

In Alexander Blok's poem The Twelve, Christ leads his apostles in support of Russia's revolution

Rebecca West publishes her first novel, The Return of the Soldier

The Russian artist Kasimir Malevich begins a series of White on White paintings

Marie Stopes, a committed advocate of birth control, publishes Married Love, a frank discussion of sexual relations

Dutch designer Gerrit Rietveld produces his 'Red and Blue Chair', under the influence of the De Stijl movement

Wilfred Owen, having returned to the front, is killed by machine-gun fire a week before the end of the war

Countess Markiewicz, an Irish republican, is elected a member of Britain's House of Commons but refuses to take her seat

Supporters of the old regime within the Russian army prepare to use force against the new Bolshevik regime

Lenin dissolves the elected assembly in Petrograd to establish a one-party Soviet state

Lavr Kornilov leads the heroic Ice March which boosts the morale of the White Russians

The Bolsheviks, now in power, change their name to the more resounding Russian Communist Party

At Brest-Litovsk Lenin signs a peace treaty with Germany and Austria, ceding vast territories and valuable resources

Lenin moves the capital of Russia from Petrograd back to Moscow

Trotsky, given the task of creating an army for the Bolsheviks, conscripts peasants from the villages

The German air ace Baron von Richthofen is finally shot down, after himself destroying 80 Allied planes

US troops are by now fighting in large numbers on the western front

Russia's peasants, victims of White and Red Terror, suffer atrocities from both sides in the civil war

Civil war enables the Bolsheviks to impose a rigid system of state control on the Russian economy, through War Communism and Food Brigades

Hermann Goering, a fighter ace who has shot down 22 Allied aircraft by the end of the war, becomes commander of the Richthofen Squadron

Tsar Nicholas II and his wife and children are murdered by the Bolsheviks at Ekaterinburg

The Allies hold the Germans on the Marne and begin a successful counterattack with tanks