including headings Slavs in Russia, Vikings in Russia, The first Russians, Vladimir's descendants, The decline of Kiev, ...
including headings Brandenburg and Prussia, The Prussian machine, The philosopher king, Frederick and Silesia, Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle, ...
From the discovery of Alaska on Bering's second voyage, in 1741 (see Bering's voyages), there has been consistent interest in the region from Russian fur traders and from ships of other European nations. Captain Cook exp...
After the campaigns of 1915, bringing into German hands the whole of Russian Poland, the German high command can reasonably expect a relatively quiet Russian front during 1916, enabling maximum forces to be deployed agai...
With Austria an ally by conquest and marriage, Prussia crushed into submission, and nearly the whole of western Europe as his empire, Napoleon perhaps understandably feels justified in taking a strong line with Russia.
The Russian desire to break through to the Baltic is frustrated throughout the 17th century, but Peter the Great finally achieves his purpose in the Northern War of 1700-21. By the treaty of Nystad, which ends the war, S...
The early years of the new principality are dominated by the question of Russian influence in Bulgarian affairs. Russia has encouraged and subsidized the Bulgarian independence movement, and the German prince elected by...
By the start of 1915 Russia is at war with three powerful neighbours (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Turkey) and is effectively cut off from any contact with her allies in the west, except through the icy northern waters to A...
Sweden cedes Finland to Russia in 1809 in the treaty of Hamina (or, in its Swedish name, Fredrikshamn). Finland's autonomy as a grand duchy under Russian protection has been guaranteed earlier in the year by the tsar, Al...
Finland is a buffer zone in a succession of wars between Russia and Sweden during the 18th century. Russia is desperate to establish a presence in the Baltic, which in the 17th century has been virtually a Swedish lake....
As early as the autumn of 1940, when the Battle of Britain casts doubt on his invasion plans across the Channel, Hitler's thoughts turn to an attack on his eastern ally, Stalin. He orders plans to be prepared under the c...
When Russia and Austria declare war on Napoleon in 1805 (in the Third Coalition), he is able to find allies in Germany who are eager to see Austria's power reduced. Prussia remains neutral, but Bavaria and two other terr...
Until 1806 Prussia maintains a nervous neutrality during the warfare between its powerful neighbours. But the Confederation of the Rhine, organized by Napoleon in July of this year, seems to threaten Prussian interests....
In the autumn of 1707 Charles XII moves northeast from Saxony with an army of almost 40,000 men. His intention is to move towards Moscow during the summer of 1708, forcing Peter to withdraw from the Baltic to defend his...
The rulers of Kiev in the 10th century are still Vikings. But as they settle and become more prosperous they begin to seem something new and different - Russians. This is particularly true of Vladimir, who is proclaimed...
