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Egyptian masters | HISTORY OF SYRIA AND PALESTINE

Egyptian masters

In 877 a Mameluke sultan of Egypt sweeps up through Palestine and Syria. His invasion begins more than two centuries of Egyptian dominance - a familiar situation in this part of the world at many periods of history. Sepa...

Multiple masts | HISTORY OF BOATS AND SHIPS

Multiple masts

The humble European cargo ship - slow, tubby and propelled by a single sail, as opposed to the sleek lines of a galley with its crew of oarsmen - has changed little in design since the ships of the Phoenicians. In1400 su...

By the time of his death | HISTORY OF MAPS

Mercator

By the time of his death Mercator has either published or prepared large engraved maps, designed for binding into volume form, of France, Germany, Italy, the Balkans and the British Isles.

A year after his death,...

By the time of his death | HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY

Mercator

By the time of his death Mercator has either published or prepared large engraved maps, designed for binding into volume form, of France, Germany, Italy, the Balkans and the British Isles.

A year after his death,...

From 1894 the region known as | HISTORY OF MOZAMBIQUE

Colonial rule

From 1894 the region known as Portuguese East Africa has a clearly defined shape on European maps. Its western and southern boundaries are imposed upon Portugal in 1891 in a treaty with the more powerful colonial neighbo...

Speke and Baker, friends already from | HISTORY OF AFRICA

Baker, Stanley and the Nile

Speke and Baker, friends already from earlier encounters, treat each other with exemplary generosity. Speke tells Baker of the reported lake and hands over to him the maps which he has made since leaving Lake Victoria. B...

Speke and Baker, friends already from | HISTORY OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Baker, Stanley and the Nile

Speke and Baker, friends already from earlier encounters, treat each other with exemplary generosity. Speke tells Baker of the reported lake and hands over to him the maps which he has made since leaving Lake Victoria. B...

Speke and Baker, friends already from | HISTORY OF EXPLORATION

Baker, Stanley and the Nile

Speke and Baker, friends already from earlier encounters, treat each other with exemplary generosity. Speke tells Baker of the reported lake and hands over to him the maps which he has made since leaving Lake Victoria. B...

The European discovery of America and | HISTORY OF MAPS

Problems of projection

The European discovery of America and of the Pacific coincides with an increase in ocean travel and with the new printing techniques of woodcut and engraving. The result is a great demand for maps which can be cheaply pr...

The European discovery of America and | HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY

Problems of projection

The European discovery of America and of the Pacific coincides with an increase in ocean travel and with the new printing techniques of woodcut and engraving. The result is a great demand for maps which can be cheaply pr...

The problem is real, and in | HISTORY OF MAPS

Problems of projection

The problem is real, and in a real sense insoluble. Imagine a rubber globe, hollow like a football. The information on its surface is accurate. But try cutting the globe in half and laying each half out flat, as on a pag...

The problem is real, and in | HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY

Problems of projection

The problem is real, and in a real sense insoluble. Imagine a rubber globe, hollow like a football. The information on its surface is accurate. But try cutting the globe in half and laying each half out flat, as on a pag...

It is a strange concept that | HISTORY OF EXPLORATION

Burton, Speke and the Nile

It is a strange concept that Europeans should be described as discovering geographical features on which the local population are well able to provide them with information. Yet the first description of such places by ou...

It is a strange concept that | HISTORY OF AFRICA

Burton, Speke and the Nile

It is a strange concept that Europeans should be described as discovering geographical features on which the local population are well able to provide them with information. Yet the first description of such places by ou...

It is a strange concept that | HISTORY OF SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA

Burton, Speke and the Nile

It is a strange concept that Europeans should be described as discovering geographical features on which the local population are well able to provide them with information. Yet the first description of such places by ou...

Once the basic information about the | HISTORY OF MAPS

Improvements in surveying

Once the basic information about the world's landscape is broadly known, improvements in mapmaking become those of greater accuracy, clarity and detail.

A strong impulse towards better surveying and mapmaking come...

Once the basic information about the | HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY

Improvements in surveying

Once the basic information about the world's landscape is broadly known, improvements in mapmaking become those of greater accuracy, clarity and detail.

A strong impulse towards better surveying and mapmaking come...

The distortion of Mercator's projection is | HISTORY OF MAPS

Mercator

The distortion of Mercator's projection is a benefit to navigators. By gradually lengthening the lines of longitude towards the poles, Mercator achieves a matching scale for longitude and latitude in every section of the...

The distortion of Mercator's projection is | HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY

Mercator

The distortion of Mercator's projection is a benefit to navigators. By gradually lengthening the lines of longitude towards the poles, Mercator achieves a matching scale for longitude and latitude in every section of the...

The mouths of Africa's great rivers | HISTORY OF EXPLORATION

The challenge of Africa

The mouths of Africa's great rivers - the Nile, the Niger, the Congo, the Zambezi - are familiar to European traders. And there are reliable reports of great stretches of inland river. But no one has any idea how it all...

The mouths of Africa's great rivers | HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY

The challenge of Africa

The mouths of Africa's great rivers - the Nile, the Niger, the Congo, the Zambezi - are familiar to European traders. And there are reliable reports of great stretches of inland river. But no one has any idea how it all...

Advances in surveying make it possible | HISTORY OF MAPS

Improvements in surveying

Advances in surveying make it possible to calculate with accuracy the height of mountains and later even the depth of oceans. Places of the same altitude can be plotted, and recorded in the form of contour lines. By the...

Advances in surveying make it possible | HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY

Improvements in surveying

Advances in surveying make it possible to calculate with accuracy the height of mountains and later even the depth of oceans. Places of the same altitude can be plotted, and recorded in the form of contour lines. By the...

An observatory is erected by Hipparchus | HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY

Hipparchus

An observatory is erected by Hipparchus on the island of Rhodes. Here, in 129 BC, he completes the first scientific star catalogue. He lists about 850 stars, placing each in terms of its celestial latitude and longitude...

An observatory is erected by Hipparchus | HISTORY OF GREEK SCIENCE

Hipparchus

An observatory is erected by Hipparchus on the island of Rhodes. Here, in 129 BC, he completes the first scientific star catalogue. He lists about 850 stars, placing each in terms of its celestial latitude and longitude...

The speed of Prussia's victory in | HISTORY OF PRUSSIA

Seven Weeks War

The speed of Prussia's victory in the war of 1866 against Austria is largely the result of reforms carried out in the Prussian army by Helmut von Moltke. Appointed chief of the general staff in 1857, he appreciates that...

The speed of Prussia's victory in | HISTORY OF THE AUSTRIAN EMPIRE

Seven Weeks War

The speed of Prussia's victory in the war of 1866 against Austria is largely the result of reforms carried out in the Prussian army by Helmut von Moltke. Appointed chief of the general staff in 1857, he appreciates that...

The speed of Prussia's victory in | HISTORY OF GERMANY

Seven Weeks War

The speed of Prussia's victory in the war of 1866 against Austria is largely the result of reforms carried out in the Prussian army by Helmut von Moltke. Appointed chief of the general staff in 1857, he appreciates that...

In geography Ptolemy seems to offer | HISTORY OF ASTRONOMY

Influential errors of Ptolemy

In geography Ptolemy seems to offer what Hipparchus had proposed - the location of the world's natural and man-made features on a grid of 360° of latitude and longitude. He lists and places some 8000 towns, islands,...

In geography Ptolemy seems to offer | HISTORY OF GREEK SCIENCE

Influential errors of Ptolemy

In geography Ptolemy seems to offer what Hipparchus had proposed - the location of the world's natural and man-made features on a grid of 360° of latitude and longitude. He lists and places some 8000 towns, islands,...

In geography Ptolemy seems to offer | HISTORY OF GEOGRAPHY

Influential errors of Ptolemy

In geography Ptolemy seems to offer what Hipparchus had proposed - the location of the world's natural and man-made features on a grid of 360° of latitude and longitude. He lists and places some 8000 towns, islands,...

In geography Ptolemy seems to offer | HISTORY OF COSMOLOGY

Influential errors of Ptolemy

In geography Ptolemy seems to offer what Hipparchus had proposed - the location of the world's natural and man-made features on a grid of 360° of latitude and longitude. He lists and places some 8000 towns, islands,...