After defeating the Spanish at Pichincha, Antonio José de Sucre enters Quito and liberates Ecuador

Agustin de Iturbide declares himself emperor of the new nation of Mexico, as Agustin I

After failing to agree with Bolívar at Guayaquil, San Martín resigns his post as Protector of Peru

Lord Byron arrives in Greece to support the cause of Greek independence

Guatemala declares independence following the example of neighbouring Mexico

Bolívar arrives in Lima to be granted command of the army and dictatorial powers in the republic of Peru

After the surrender of the Spanish army to Antonio José de Sucre at Ayacucho, Peru is finally liberated

With a victory at Tumusla Antonio José de Sucre liberates Upper Peru (the future Bolivia), the last Spanish stronghold in continental America

Juan Antonio Lavalleja leads a band of Thirty-three Immortals in Uruguay's fight for independence from Brazil

Upper Peru declares independence as the republic of Bolivia, in honour of Simón Bolívar

A December uprising in St Petersburg ends when troops fire on the crowd, but the 'Decembrists' become revolutionary martyrs

Lavalleja defeats a Brazilian army at Ituzaingó, in the decisive battle for Uruguayan independence

A revolution erupts in Paris in July and sweeps Charles X from the throne

Italian nationalist Giuseppe Mazzini founds Young Italy, an organization to promote insurrection

Nat Turner leads a revolt by fellow slaves in Southampton County, Virginia, killing 59 whites and provoking more repressive legislation

The inhabitants of the Mexican province of Texas declare their independence as a new republic

Sam Houston destroys a Mexican army near the San Jacinto river, completing the seizure of Texas from Mexico

Rebellions in Canada reveal widespread discontent with the British administration, particularly among the French settlers

Seven Manchester merchants and mill-owners found the Anti-Corn Law League

Daniel O'Connell is convicted of seditious conspiracy and is sentenced to prison

Daniel O'Connell is acquitted on appeal and released from prison

The other half of Hispaniola joins Haiti in declaring independence, as the Dominican Republic

At a congress in London Engels persuades a group of radical Germans to adopt the name Communist League

An uprising in Sicily in January starts off Europe's 'year of revolutions'

The Communist Manifesto, by Marx and Engels, is published in Paris with the ringing slogan: 'Workers of the world, unite!'