Mameluke power ends with their suppression in Baghdad, following a massacre in Cairo twenty years earlier

Don Pacifico's house in Athens is burnt by an anti-Semitic crowd, provoking an international incident

An anti-British mob attacks the New York theatre where William Macready is appearing as Macbeth, leaving 22 dead and many injured

The southern states pass new Black Codes, designed to limit the freedom granted to African-Americans by the victorious north

William Gladstone's pamphlet Bulgarian Horrors, protesting at massacre by the Turks, sells 200,000 copies within a month

The first pogroms, or officially sanctioned attacks on Jews and their property, take place in Russia

Hundreds of Sioux Indians are killed by US troops in a massacre at Wounded Knee Creek

Mahatma Gandhi, travelling with a first-class ticket, is forcibly ejected from the carriage at Pietermaritzburg because of his colour

Crowds demonstrating in Petrograd are fired on after tsar Nicholas II sanctions the use of force

A mutiny in Germany's fleet in Kiel sparks uprisings in several German cities

The Soviet system of Gulag slave labour camps is introduced, under the control of the secret service, the Cheka

Mussolini's Fascist party rapidly acquires an aggressive presence, thanks to his gangs of armed thugs in their blackshirt uniforms

With massive force, and huge casualties, Lenin puts an end to a naval mutiny at Kronstadt

Some 50,000 peasants are herded into Russia's first concentration camps

Italian immigrant anarchists Sacco and Vanzetti are convicted of murder in a US trial flawed by prejudice

Tulsa race riots cap previous levels of violence, with more than eighty-five blacks killed

In spite of widespread protest and grave judicial doubt Nicola Sacco and Bartolomeo Vanzetti are sent to the electric chair

Australian police massacre Aborigines near Coniston in reprisal for a murder

25 million peasants are moved from the land to provide cheap labour in Stalin's new factories

Six million Russian peasants die after being transported to agricultural labour camps in Siberia

German chancellor Adolf Hitler orders the sterilization of carriers of hereditary mental diseases, in one of his government's first pieces of legislation

Heinrich Himmler sets up the first Nazi concentration camp, at Dachau near Munich

Adolf Hitler passes a law forcing the 'retirement' of all Jews working in the civil service, schools and universities

Adolf Hitler promulgates a law prohibiting any sexual relationship between Jews and 'Aryans'

At the same time as the Moscow show trials, millions are purged from the Russian Communist party nation-wide