The last remaining Athenian fleet is surprised and destroyed by the Spartans in the Hellespont

The famous Long Walls of Athens, her impregnable defence, are dismantled by the Spartans in the final act of the Peloponnesian War

Greek mercenaries, on the losing side at Cunaxa, begin a long journey home - described by Xenophon in the Anabasis

Hippocrates, on the Greek island of Kos, founds an influential school of medicine

Socrates, convicted in Athens of impiety, is sentenced to death and drinks the hemlock

The Romans capture the nearby Etruscan town of Veii, beginning a long process of territorial expansion

Celtic tribes , pushing south through the Alps, reach Rome and sack the city

Plato establishes a school in Akademeia, a suburb of Athens

Central to Plato's philosophy is the theory that there are higher Forms of reality, of which our senses perceive only a transient shadow

A Greek text, attributed to Polybus, argues that the human body is composed of four humours

A Spartan army is overwhelmed at Leuctra by a smaller number of Thebans under Epaminondas

Aristotle, at the age of seventeen, comes to Athens to join Plato's academy

Philip II sets about making Macedon the most powerful state in Greece

Alexander the Great is born in Pella, the capital of his father Philip II, at the heart of the expanding Macedonian kingdom

Eudoxus of Cnidus proposes the concept of transparent spheres supporting the bodies visible in the heavens

Private financiers in Athens give loans, take deposits, change money from one currency to another and arrange credit for travellers

The earliest description of a pulley appears in a Greek text

The citizens of Olynthus abandon their houses, with elaborate mosaic floors, when their city is attacked by Philip of Macedon

Aristotle is employed in Macedon as tutor to the 13-year-old heir to the throne, Alexander

The theatre at Epidaurus is the earliest and best surviving example of a classical Greek stage and auditorium

Alexander the Great, at the age of sixteen, conducts his first successful military campaign – against the Thracians

The Macedonians develop the catapult as a siege engine for the armies of Philip II and Alexander the Great

Philip of Macedon defeats Athens and Thebes at Chaeronaea, giving him control of Greece

Philip of Macedon persuades most of the Greek city-states, brought together in Corinth, to agree to a military alliance with himself as leader

Before departing for the east, Alexander destroys Thebes and enslaves the Thebans for rebelling against the League of Corinth