The electoral campaign for a new Reichstag, demanded by Hitler, is conducted with escalating Nazi violence

Polish cryptographers succeed in breaking some of the Enigma code used by the German military

The burning of the Reichstag during the German election enables Adolf Hitler to introduce emergency measures restricting liberty

Hungarian photographer Brassaï publishes his photographs of the seedier side of Paris night life in Paris de Nuit

Heinrich Himmler sets up the first Nazi concentration camp, at Dachau near Munich

The Austrian chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss suspends parliament and subsequently outlaws the Nazi party

Adolf Hitler puts a bill before the first meeting of the newly elected Reichstag, giving himself unrestricted powers

Gustav Krupp and his son Alfried, Germany’s main manufacturers of armaments, join the Nazi party

Adolf Hitler passes a law forcing the 'retirement' of all Jews working in the civil service, schools and universities

The new Nazi government closes down Germany's distinguished school of modern art and architecture, the Bauhaus

Alexander Korda directs Charles Laughton in the film The Private Life of Henry VIII

H.G. Wells publishes The Shape of Things to Come, a novel in which he accurately predicts a renewal of world war

Gertrude Stein publishes a best-selling account of her own life under the title The Autobiography of Alice B. Toklas

The Pylon group of British poets get their name from Stephen Spender's poem 'The Pylons'

Fine Gael is the name given to a new political party in Ireland, formed by the merger of several smaller groups

English author Antonia White publishes an autobiographical first novel, Frost in May

George Balanchine, Kurt Weill and Bertolt Brecht collaborate in Paris on Seven Deadly Sins, a ballet with songs

The Nazi government dismisses Konrad Adenauer from all his appointments, included that of Lord Mayor of Cologne

Arabella, by Richard Strauss and Hugo von Hofmannsthal, is first performed four years after von Hofmannsthal's death left it incomplete

Germany becomes a one-party state, with only the Nazis allowed to engage in political activity

García Lorca writes his play Blood Wedding while he is director of a company touring in rural Spain

Thomas Mann leaves Germany and moves to Switzerland, where he engages in a steady polemic against the Nazis

Adolf Hitler, the new German chancellor, pulls Germany out of the League of Nations and its disarmament conference

Adolf Hitler wins massive referendum support for his withdrawal of Germany from the Disarmament Conference and the League of Nations

Fritz Lang's film The Testament of Dr Mabuse is banned in Germany because of implicit criticism of Nazi thugs