The Vickers Fighting Biplane No 1 is unveiled in London at the Olympia Aero Show as the world's first purpose-built fighter plane

Albert Einstein formulates the law of photochemical equivalence, a fundamental principle of chemical reactions induced by light

The first issue of the New Statesman is published by Beatrice and Sidney Webb

English geologist Arthur Holmes publishes The Age of the Earth, offering evidence that the planet is at least 1.6 billion years old

The Spanish government grants a degree of administrative autonomy to four provinces of Catalonia

Lawrence Bragg and his father, William, together develop X-ray crystallography, based on the diffraction patterns of crystals

Compton Mackenzie publishes the first volume of his autobiographial novel Sinister Street

Bernard Shaw's Pygmalion has its first performance – in a German version in Vienna

Marcel Duchamp creates Bicycle Wheel, his first 'assisted readymade', consisting of the wheel screwed upside down on a painted wooden stool

Igor Stravinsky and Vaslav Nijinsky provoke uproar in Paris with The Rite of Spring for Ballets Russes

Italian Futurist sculptor Umberto Boccioni suggests human movement in his Unique Forms of Continuity in Space

The Treaty of London, ending the First Balkan War, allows Albania, Bulgaria, Greece and Serbia to divide up much of European Turkey

The cubist movement enters its second phase, deriving from the use of collage and known as Synthetic cubism

French physicists Charles Fabry and Henri Buisson discover the ozone layer in the stratosphere

The Danish physicist Niels Bohr uses quantum theory as a key to understanding the structure of the atom

Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell complete a work of mathematical logic, Principia Mathematica

Frederick Soddy uses the term 'isotope' (Greek for 'same place') to describe observed anomalies in the periodic table

18-year-old Norwegian soprano Kirsten Flagstad makes her debut in Oslo

Maxim Gorky publishes Childhood, the first volume of his autobiographical trilogy

A suffragette, Emily Davison, dies after throwing herself under the king's horse in the Derby at Epsom

The so-called Cat and Mouse Act is the British government's response to hunger strikes by suffragettes