istoryworld
Events relating to europe
British commander Arthur Wellesley builds the lines of Torres Vedras, to defend the promontory leading south to Lisbon
Napoleon annexes the Papal States and is excommunicated by the pope, Pius VII
French chemist Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac shows that when gases combine they do so in simple ratios by volume (later known as his Law of Combining Volumes)
In the Treaty of Hamina (or Fredrikshamn), Sweden cedes Finland to Russia as an autonomous grand duchy
Napoleon, in response to his excommunication, has pope Pius VII arrested and kept in captivity in northern Italy and then France
French biologist Jean-Baptiste Lamarck argues in Zoological Philosophy that creatures can inherit acquired characteristics
Napoleon arranges to have his marriage to Josephine annulled so that he can marry the daughter of an emperor
John Moore dies at Corunna but his army escapes from Spain and gets back to England
Rival British politicians Lord Castlereagh and George Canning fight a duel in which Canning is wounded
Napoleon marries the Austrian archduchess Marie Louise, daughter of the emperor Francis I
The reforming party in Spain become known as the Liberales, in the first political use of the term Liberal
Simón Bolívar, a young officer in Caracas, takes part in a coup which wins control of Venezuela from the Spanish
After a public meeting in Buenos Aires, Argentinians set up an autonomous local government in opposition to Spanish forces
The Spanish Cortes flees from the renewed French invasion and establishes itself in Cadiz
José Gervasio Artigas lays siege to the Spanish forces in Montevideo, beginning Uruguay's long struggle for independence
Walter Scott's poem Lady of the Lake brings tourists in unprecedented numbers to Scotland's Loch Katrine
The citizens of Bogotá expel the local Spanish officials and declare their loyalty to the deposed Ferdinand VII
A French marshal, Jean Bernadotte, is offered the position of crown prince and heir to the Swedish throne
The parish priest of Dolores sparks a rebellion against the Spanish authorities in Mexico with his Grito de Dolores
Chile begins four years of untroubled independence, ruled by a junta introducing liberal reforms
Marie Louise gives birth to a boy, Napoleon's longed-for heir, to be known as the King of Rome
The British king George III, suffering from porphyria, is deemed unfit to govern and his eldest son becomes Prince Regent
A 12-year-old Dorset child, Mary Anning, discovers at Lyme Regis a 21 ft (6.4m) fossil of an icthyosaur
Italian chemist Amedeo Avogadro publishes a hypothesis, about the number of molecules in gases, that becomes known as Avogadro's Law
Percy Bysshe Shelley is expelled from Oxford university for circulating a pamphlet with the title The Necessity of Atheism
