istoryworld
Events relating to africa
Pompey, seeking in Egypt refuge from Caesar, is first welcomed and then murdered by the faction of Ptolemy XIII
Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers
The combined forces of Caesar and Cleopatra defeat Ptolemy XIII in a battle fought in the Nile delta
Ptolemy XIII is either killed or accidentally drowns while attempting to escape across the Nile
Cleopatra acquires a new co-ruler and husband in the form of another young brother, now Ptolemy XIV
Julius Caesar leaves Alexandria to travel with his army by the land route back to Italy, through Turkey
Julius Caesar goes to Africa to confront the remainder of Pompey's forces, and defeats them at Thapsus – but two of Pompey's sons escape to Spain
A town is founded by Julius Caesar on the ruined site of Carthage, and eventually flourishes as Colonia Julia Carthago
Cleopatra appoints Caesarion, now aged three, her co-ruler and heir
Cleopatra's brother and co-ruler, Ptolemy XIV, dies – probably at her command
Cleopatra persuades Mark Antony to execute her sister Arsinoe, thus removing her last potential rival in the Egyptian royal family
Mark Antony spends the winter with Cleopatra in Alexandria
Cleopatra gives birth to twins and calls them Alexander and Cleopatra
Cleopatra gives birth to another son of Mark Antony's and calls him Ptolemy Philadelphus
In a spectacular cerermony known as the Donations of Alexandria, Mark Antony distributes the eastern Roman territories between Cleopatra, her eldest son (Caesarion) and his own three children
Octavian arrives in Egypt with an army, and holds Cleopatra a prisoner in her palace in Alexandria
Hearing that Cleopatra is dead (false news, as it turns out), Mark Antony commits suicide in Alexandria
Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast,
The Egyptians declare Caesarion to be their pharaoh, but it is not long before he is executed by Octavian - bringing to an end the Ptolemaic dynasty in Egypt
Octavian annexes Egypt as a Roman territory and takes back to Rome the vast treasures of the Egyptian pharaohs
With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control
A western adaptation of the Persian cult of Mithras, evolving probably in Anatolia, is spread through the empire by the Roman army
Vespasian, proclaimed emperor by his troops in Alexandria, is the survivor among this year's four emperors
Hero, a Greek scientist in Alexandria, devises various forms of steam engine
The dioptra, developed by Hero of Alexandria for surveying land, is an early form of theodolite
