istoryworld
Events relating to europe
In his Principles of Philosophy Descartes gives priority to reason, summed up in his famous phrase cogito ergo sum
In the first decisive battle of the English Civil War the king's nephew, Rupert of the Rhine, is heavily defeated at Marston Moor
The Dutch artist Aelbert Cuyp paints landscapes that glow with the warmth of gentle sunlight
The royalist forces, again under the command of Rupert of the Rhine, suffer another major defeat at Naseby
With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude
Peter Stuyvesant begins a 17-year spell as director-general of the Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America
Charles I is held at his palace of Hampton Court, as a prisoner of Cromwell and parliament
A Cossack rebellion leads to the eventual transfer of their territory from Poland to Russia
A rebellion of nobles against Mazarin, the principal minister of the young Louis XIV, becomes known as the Fronde
The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont suggests that there are insubstantial substances other than air, and coins a name for them - gases
Spain recognizes the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands
Colonel Thomas Pride denies entrance to the House of Commons to about 140 opponents of Cromwell's policies
Cromwell persuades the House of Commons, purged now of all opposition, that it is treason for a king to wage war against parliament
After a trial lasting a week in Westminster Hall, Charles I is convicted of treason for fighting a war against parliament
Charles I is beheaded on a scaffold erected in the street in London's Whitehall
Parliament chooses Oliver Cromwell to chair the new English Commonwealth's council of state
Rembrandt creates an etching so desirable that it becomes known as the Hundred Guilder Print
John Milton becomes Latin secretary in Cromwell's council of state
The Russian empire, expanding eastwards through Siberia, reaches the Pacific coast
Cromwell captures the royalist stronghold of Drogheda and massacres some 2800 people
Descartes catches a fatal chill, returning home in midwinter from pre-dawn instruction of Queen Christina of Sweden
James Ussher, archbishop of Armagh, calculates that creation began on Sunday, October 23, 4004 BC
To protect their market, the Dutch destroy all clove trees in the Moluccas except on two islands, Amboina and Ternate
The poems of Massachusetts author Anne Bradstreet are published in London under the title The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America
Parliament in England passes the first of several Navigation Acts designed to reserve international trade for English ships
