Events relating to europe

Rubens completes a great narrative sequence of twenty-one paintings to celebrate the achievements of Marie de Médicis

The Dutch gradually exclude the Portuguese from the immensely lucrative trade in cloves from the Spice Islands (or Moluccas)

On the death of his father, James VI and I, Charles I becomes king of England and Scotland

The English parliament attempts to clip the wings of the new king, Charles I, by placing an annual limit on his power to raise taxes

Peter Minuit purchases the island of Manhattan from local Indians and calls the place New Amsterdam

The English parliament's Petition of Right emphasizes the right of the citizen to be protected from royal tyranny

The Dutch painter Rembrandt van Rijn develops a life-long interest in self-portraiture

The sculptor and architect Giovanni Lorenzo Bernini is given the task of adding the drama of baroque to the newly completed St Peter's in Rome

Rival Dutch, English and French colonies are established in Guiana, the northeast coast of south America

John Winthrop, arriving in Massachusetts, begins the journal that is eventually published as The History Of New England

Gustavus II and the Swedish army win a conclusive victory over the imperial forces at Breitenfeld

The Inquisition convicts Galileo of heresy and he denies the truth of Copernicus - on being shown the instruments of torture

The Swedish army wins another convincing victory at Lützen, but Gustavus II dies leading a cavalry charge

The four years of tulip mania in Holland provide the first example of speculative frenzy in a capitalist market

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