Events relating to physics

The first hydrogen bomb is successfully tested by the US at Enewetak Atoll in the Marshall Islands

X-ray crystallographer Rosalind Franklin, working at King's College in London, photographs DNA

The first Soviet hydrogen bomb is successfully tested at the Semipalatinsk Test Site in Kazakhstan

US physicists Arno Penzias and Robert Wilson discover cosmic background radiation, lending strong support to the Big Bang theory

British physicist Stephen Hawking describes how black holes can emit radiation, a process now known as 'Hawking radiation'

British physicist Stephen Hawking explains the cosmos for the general reader in A Brief History of Time: from the Big Bang to Black Holes

The Large Hadron Collider, at Cern in Switzerland, begins accelerating protons round a 17-mile circular tunnel

The Hadron Collider at Cern has to be halted when a serious fault develops, leading to a predicted six-month delay in the programme

CERN restarts the Large Hadron Collider, which has been shut down since a serious failure in Sepember 2008

CERN announces its successful production and brief capture of atoms of antihydrogen, the first observed example of antimatter

NASA launches a rocket carrying the roving science laboratory Curiosity, which is programmed to land on Mars on 6 August 2012

CERN announces the discovery in the Large Hadron Collider of a new particle, possibly the much anticipated Higgs boson

Scientists at CERN announce that the recently discovered particle is beyond doubt the Standard Model of the Higg's boson

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