istoryworld
Events relating to europe
France becomes the first kingdom to establish a permanent parliament when Louis IX reserves a chamber in his palace for quarterly sessions
Alexander Nevsky, appointed grand prince of Vladimir in 1252, thrives by collaborating with the Mongols of the Golden Horde
Construction begins of two basilicas, one above the other on a hillside in Assisi, in memory of St Francis
The pope, eager to fill the vacant throne of Sicily, offers it to a son of Henry III of England but gets no firm response
Pope Alexander IV establishes a third order of preaching friars, the Augustinians
Henry III accepts severe curtailment of his powers in the Provisions of Oxford, but then asks the pope to absolve him from his oath
Nicola Pisano completes a pulpit for Pisa, borrowing details from Roman sarcophagi - an early example of a new interest in the classical past
A new form of poetry is written in northern Italy, described later by Dante as a sweet new style - the dolce stil nuovo
The Norwegian king, Haakon IV, annexes Iceland as his personal fief, bringing to an end the commonwealth established in AD 930
Pope Urban IV offers Sicily to a French prince, Charles of Anjou, who marches south in 1266 to fight for the kingdom
Prince Edward, escaping from captivity, defeats and kills Simon de Montfort at Evesham
Thomas Aquinas begins the outstanding work of medieval scholasticism, his Summa Theologiae
In a treaty agreed at Shrewsbury, the English king Henry III acknowledges Llewellyn ap Gruffydd as the prince of Wales
The first mention of a lens occurs in a manuscript by Roger Bacon, to be soon followed by the invention of spectacles
Novgorod asserts its independence, electing its own city magistrate to take over the role of the local Russian prince
Marco Polo, aged seventeen, sets off from Venice on his journey to the east
Edward I is in Sicily when he becomes king of England, on the death of his father, Henry III
Dante, aged nine, is overwhelmed by the beauty of Beatrice - a child a year younger than himself who later becomes his poetic inspiration
An incident in a church service sparks the uprising known as the Sicilian Vespers, in which 2000 French are killed overnight in Sicily
An uprising by Llewellyn ap Gruffydd, the prince of Wales, ends with his own death and the subjugation of Wales by the king of England, Edward I
Edward I begins a series of powerful castles - Harlech, Caernarfon and Conwy in this year alone - to subdue the Welsh
The classical work of the Kabbalah, the Zohar, is almost certainly the work of the Spanish Kabbalist Moses de Leon
The Jews in England are driven out of the country, soon to be followed by those in France
The parliament summoned by Edward I in Westminster Hall is later seen as a 'model' for the breadth of its representation
Marco Polo is back in Venice after an absence of 25 years in the east
