Events relating to literature

Italian author Alessandro Manzoni begins publication (completed 1827) of his novel I Promessi Sposi ('The Betrothed')

In James Fenimore Cooper's The Last of the Mohicans, Natty Bumppo sides with a Mohican chief

Connecticut lexicographer Noah Webster publishes the definitive 2-volume scholarly edition of his American Dictionary of the English Language

Victor Hugo's romantic drama Hernani provokes a riot in the Paris audience on the first night

Oliver Wendell Holmes' poem 'Old Ironsides' prompts a public response that saves the frigate from the scrapyard

French author Stendhal publishes his novel Le Rouge et Le Noir ('The Red and the Black')

Victor Hugo publishes his novel The Hunchback of Notre Dame, in which the hunchback, Quasimodo, is obsessed with Esmeralda

Oliver Wendell Holmes' poem The Last Leaf is inspired by an aged survivor of the Boston Tea Party

Russian poet Alexander Pushkin publishes a grand historical drama, Boris Godunov

The full text of Goethe's Faust, Parts 1 and 2, is published a few months after the poet's death

English author Frances Trollope ruffles transatlantic feathers with her Domestic Manners of the Americans, based on a 3-year stay

American novelist William Gilmore Simms publishes Guy Rivers, the first of his series known as the Border Romances

French author Honoré de Balzac publishes Le Père Goriot, one of the key novels that he later includes in La Comédie Humaine

Alexis de Tocqueville publishes in French the first two volumes of his extremely influential study Democracy in America

The Partisan, set in South Carolina, launches the series of novels by William Gilmore Simms known as the Revolutionary Romances

The Inspector General, a farce by Nikolai Vasilievich Gogol satirising Russian offialdom, has tsar Nicholas I in the audience for the premiere

In his essay, Nature, Ralph Waldo Emerson sets out the fundamentals of the philolosphy of Transcendentalism

In The American Scholar Ralph Waldo Emerson urges his student audience to heed their own intellectuals rather than those of Europe

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