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| c. 2500 BC |
| | | A stone pestle and mortar is made at the neolithic site of Merthyr Mawr, in the Vale of Glamorgan in Wales | |
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| 77 |
| | | Agricola, appointed Roman governor of Britain in AD 77, establishes Chester as a stronghold from which to control the Welsh tribes | |
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| c. 580 |
| | | St David founds monasteries in Wales and makes his base at Mynyw, a place now known after him as St David's | |
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| c. 780 |
| | | The Anglo-Saxons have a name for the Celts west of Offa's dyke - wealas or Welsh, meaning foreigners | |
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| 878 |
| | | Rhodri Mawr, or Rhodri the Great, is widely accepted as king of almost the whole of Wales | |
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| c. 1080 |
| | | Norman earls are given territories on the marches of Wales, with the specific task of raiding their neighbours | |
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| 1171 |
| | | The English king, Henry II, acknowledges Rhys ap Gruffydd as the lord of south Wales | |
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| c. 1200 |
| | | The longbow, a weapon of great use to English armies, is probably first developed in Wales | |
|  | Sketch of a Welsh archer still shown with a short bow, 13th century
National Archives, Kew
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| c. 1220 |
| | | Llewellyn ap Iorwerth acquires such authority over other Welsh chieftains that he is informally referred to as the prince of Wales | |
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| 1267 |
| | | In a treaty agreed at Shrewsbury, the English king Henry III acknowledges Llewellyn ap Gruffydd as the prince of Wales | |
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