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| c. 20 BC |
| | | The Netherlands, or 'low countries' around the Rhine delta, enter history as the Roman province of Germania Inferior | |
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| 431 |
| | | Halted by a Roman army in their push southwards, the Franks settle in the Roman province of Belgica, around Tournai | |
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| 695 |
| | | Willibrord, recently arrived from England to convert the Frisians, is consecrated archbishop of a new see in Utrecht | |
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| c. 1200 |
| | | Flemish towns begin to acquire municipal independence, as communes, following the earlier Italian trend | |
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| 1369 |
| | | The marriage of the duke of Burgundy to the heiress of Flanders lays the foundation for the great territorial expansion of Burgundy | |
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| 1395 |
| | | Philip II of Burgundy commissions from Netherlands sculptor Claus Sluter a work, the Well of Moses, which launches the northern Renaissance | |
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| c. 1460 |
| | | Oil paints, long familiar in the Netherlands, begin to be adopted in Italy in place of tempera | |
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| 1463 |
| | | The assembly brought together in Bruges in 1463 is later seen as the first full gathering of the Netherlands States-General | |
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| c. 1468 |
| | | Jerome van Aken works almost exclusively in his native s' Hertogenbosch, from which he derives the name Hieronymus Bosch | |
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| c. 1475 |
| | | Tommaso Portinari, the Medici agent in Bruges, commissions an altarpiece from Hugo van der Goes for his family church in Florence | |
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