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| c. 2000 BC |
| | | Medicine men in Peru practise trephination, cuttting holes in the skulls of brave or foolhardy patients | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | The Indian physician Susruta pioneers plastic surgery of the nose | |
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| c. 550 BC |
| | | Indian medical theory maintains that the body consists of three humours - spirit, phlegm and bile | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | Hippocrates, on the Greek island of Kos, founds an influential school of medicine | |
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| c. 280 BC |
| | | The Alexandrian school of medicine develops an alarming form of clinical anatomy – human vivisection | |
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| c. 100 BC |
| | | The practice of acupuncture is described in Nei Qing, a Chinese medical text | |
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| c. 50 |
| | | The Roman surgeon Cornelius Celsus describes in De Medicina how to cut stones from a patient's bladder | |
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| 158 |
| | | A new doctor, Galen, is appointed to look after the gladiators at Pergamum | |
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| c. 950 |
| | | Medieval Europe's first institute of higher education is established, with the founding of the medical school at Salerno | |
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| c. 1000 |
| | | The first illustrated manual of surgery is written by Abul Kasim, an Arab physician in Cordoba | |
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