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| 1939 |
| | | Eugenio Pacelli is elected pope and takes the name Pius XII | |
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| 1939 |
| | | In spite of the Axis agreement of 1936, Mussolini declines to bring Italy into the war on Hitler's side | |
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| 1940 June 10 |
| | | Mussolini declares war on a France already on the verge of defeat | |
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| 1919 June 20 |
| | | Mussolini invades France in the last-minute hope of gaining some territory in the armistice settlement | |
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| 1919 June 24 |
| | | A delegation from France, defeated and partly occupied by Germany, signs in Rome an armistice with Mussolini's Italy | |
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| 1940 September 27 |
| | | Germany, Italy and Japan form a Tripartite Pact as a military alliance | |
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| 1940 October 4 |
| | | Mussolini plans a new Roman empire, reaching like the first one round the entire Mediterranean | |
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| 1940 October28 |
| | | Italian troops cross the Albanian border in the hope of a blitzkrieg against Greece | |
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| 1940 November 11-12 |
| | | British aircraft sink three Italian battleships at anchor in Taranto harbour | |
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| 1941 March 28 |
| | | The Italian navy, defeated off Cape Matapan, ceases to be a significant factor in the Mediterranean | |
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