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323 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
In the carve up of Alexander the Great's empire, Ptolemy wins Egypt and founds the Ptolemaic dynasty – with himself as the pharaoh Ptolemy I       
Ptolemy I in Egyptian style, c.290 BC
British Museum

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69 BC
 
    
Cleopatra, destined to become the last ruling pharaoh as Cleopatra VII, is born in Egypt – the daughter of Ptolemy XII       
51 BC
 
     
Ptolemy XII dies, leaving Egypt to his young son, now Ptolemy XIII, and to his older daughter Cleopatra        
51 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld    
In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt      
Bronze coin of Cleopatra, c.40 BC
British Museum

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48 BC
 
    
Civil war breaks out in Egypt between Ptolemy XIII and his sister Cleopatra, each scheming to become sole ruler       
48 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world       
48 BC
 
    
Pompey, seeking in Egypt refuge from Caesar, is first welcomed and then murdered by the faction of Ptolemy XIII       
48 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld      
Caesar, reaching Egypt, is not pleased when sent by Ptolemy XIII the gift of Pompey's severed head, already embalmed        
48 BC
 
Narrative history in HistoryWorld     
Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers       
47 BC
 
     
The combined forces of Caesar and Cleopatra defeat Ptolemy XIII in a battle fought in the Nile delta