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| 327 BC |
| | | Alexander marries Roxana after subduing the territories of her father, a Bactrian chief in the modern region of Aghanistan | |
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| c. 120 |
| | | Kanishka rules the Kushan empire of Afghanistan and northern India from his capital at Peshawar | |
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| 999 |
| | | Mahmud, a Turk, builds an empire based on Ghazni (in modern Afghanistan) | |
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| 1040 |
| | | The Seljuk Turks win a victory at Dandanqan, which gives them a base in the north of Iran and Afghanistan | |
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| 1383 |
| | | Timur begins twenty years of almost continuous conquest with the capture and destruction of Herat | |
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| 1410 |
| | | Shah Rukh, son of Timur, begins rebuilding the city of Herat | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Herat, under Timurid princes, succeeds Tabriz as the main centre of Persian art | |
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| 1504 |
| | | Babur captures Kabul, making it and eastern Afghanistan the first possession of the Mughal empire | |
|  | Babur in a garden
Fotofile CG
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| 1543 |
| | | Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India | |
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| 1747 |
| | | A tribal leader, Ahmad Shah Abdali, is elected king of the Afghans in an event seen as the foundation of the Aghan nation | |
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