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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1642 |
| | | The Dutch explorer Abel Tasman attempts to land in Golden Bay, New Zealand, resulting in a clash with the Maoris | |
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| 1643 |
| | | Louis XIV inherits the throne of France at the age of four | |
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| 1643 |
| | | Mazarin becomes principal minister in France, selected by the queen regent on the death of Louis XIII | |
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| 1643 |
| | | Abel Tasman reaches yet more islands previously unknown to Europeans – Tonga and Fiji | |
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| 1643 |
| | | Evangelista Torricelli, observing variations in a column of mercury, discovers the principle of the barometer | |
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| 1643 |
| | | The Prince de Condé and the Vicomte de Turenne emerge as brilliant generals in France's wars | |
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| 1644 |
| | | The British East India Company completes the construction of Fort St George in Madras | |
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| 1644 |
| | | The last Ming emperor hangs himself, and China acquires a new and final dynasty - the Qing | |
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| 1644 |
| | | In his Principles of Philosophy Descartes gives priority to reason, summed up in his famous phrase cogito ergo sum | |
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| 1644 |
| | | In the first decisive battle of the English Civil War the king's nephew, Rupert of the Rhine, is heavily defeated at Marston Moor | |
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| 1645 |
| | | Thomas Fairfax and Oliver Cromwell form England's first professional army, calling it the New Model Army | |
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| c. 1645 |
| | | The Dutch artist Aelbert Cuyp paints landscapes that glow with the warmth of gentle sunlight | |
|  | Cuyp, Herdsmen with Cows c.1660 (detail)
Dulwich Picture Gallery
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| 1645 |
| | | The royalist forces, again under the command of Rupert of the Rhine, suffer another major defeat at Naseby | |
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| 1646 |
| | | With a parliamentary army surrounding royalist Oxford, Charles I escapes in disguise and heads north | |
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| 1646 |
| | | With the help of his more robust brother-in-law, Blaise Pascal provides physical proof that atmospheric pressure varies with altitude | |
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| 1646 |
| | | A young Hindu prince, Shivaji, captures Bijapur in a campaign against Muslim rulers that will result in his establishing a Maratha empire | |
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| 1646 |
| | | Charles I puts himself in the hands of a Scottish army, opposed at the time to the English parliament | |
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| 1647 |
| | | The Swiss cantons agree on joint action to defend their external borders, in the pact known as the Defensionale of Wyl | |
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| 1647 |
| | | The Scottish army holding Charles I makes peace with parliament, and hands the king to parliamentary commissioners | |
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| 1647 |
| | | Peter Stuyvesant begins a 17-year spell as director-general of the Dutch colony of New Netherland in North America | |
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| 1647 |
| | | Charles I is held at his palace of Hampton Court, as a prisoner of Cromwell and parliament | |
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| 1647 |
| | | Charles I comes to a secret arrangement with a group of Covenanters in Scotland, winning their support | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Scottish Covenanters invade England in support of the English king, Charles I, in his struggle against parliament | |
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| 1648 |
| | | A Cossack rebellion leads to the eventual transfer of their territory from Poland to Russia | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Iroquois raids drive the Huron west to the Great Lakes | |
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| 1648 |
| | | A rebellion of nobles against Mazarin, the principal minister of the young Louis XIV, becomes known as the Fronde | |
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| 1648 |
| | | The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont suggests that there are insubstantial substances other than air, and coins a name for them - gases | |
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| 1648 |
| | | The Peace of Westphalia finally brings to an end the Thirty Years' War | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Parliamentary forces defeat the Scottish invaders and suppress other new outbreaks of royalist support | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Spain recognizes the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Colonel Thomas Pride denies entrance to the House of Commons to about 140 opponents of Cromwell's policies | |
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| 1649 |
| | | Cromwell persuades the House of Commons, purged now of all opposition, that it is treason for a king to wage war against parliament | |
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| 1649 |
| | | Charles I, brought to trial before 135 commissioners in Westminster Hall, refuses to recognise the court's validity | |
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| 1649 |
| | | After a trial lasting a week in Westminster Hall, Charles I is convicted of treason for fighting a war against parliament | |
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| 1649 |
| | | Charles I is beheaded on a scaffold erected in the street in London's Whitehall | |
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| 1649 |
| | | Charles II, in the Hague, inherits the English and Scottish thrones of his executed father, Charles I | |
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