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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1637 |
| | | The first public opera house, the Teatro San Cassiano, opens in Venice | |
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| 1637 |
| | | Pierre Corneille's play Le Cid, popular with Paris audiences, hinges on the conflict between duty and love | |
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| 1637 |
| | | Charles I and his archbishop of Canterbury, William Laud, attempt to impose the full Anglican hierarchy on presbyterian Scotland | |
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| 1637 |
| | | John Milton's Lycidas is published in memory of a Cambridge friend, Edward King | |
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| 1637 |
| | | War between English colonists and Pequot Indians brings disaster to the Pequots but safeguards the settlement of Connecticut | |
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| 1638 |
| | | The French build a trading station on the estuary of the Senegal river in west Africa | |
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| 1638 |
| | | A National Covenant, first signed in an Edinburgh churchyard, commits the Covenanters to oppose Charles I's reforms of the Church of Scotland | |
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| 1638 |
| | | Galileo's Discorsi, published in Leiden, lays the groundwork for mathematical physics | |
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| 1638 |
| | | Riots erupt in Edinburgh, in response to the attempt by Charles I and Laud to impose a hierarchy of Anglican bishops | |
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| 1639 |
| | | Richard Fairbanks, given responsibility for delivering mail in Massachusetts, is allowed to charge a penny per letter | |
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| 1639 |
| | | The finances of the English king, Charles I, are in crisis, with his agents able to collect each year only a fraction of his demands | |
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| 1639 |
| | | Covenanters seize control of Edinburgh and other Scottish towns, launching the conflict with England known as the Bishops' War | |
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| c. 1640 |
| | | The Dutch artist Gerrit Dou paints with exquisite precision and becomes leader of a group known as the 'fine painters' | |
|  | Dou, Lady Playing a Virginal c.1665 (detail)
Dulwich Picture Gallery
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| 1640 |
| | | In need of funds for the Bishops' War in Scotland, Charles I summons parliament to Westminster | |
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| 1640 |
| | | Parliament denies Charles I's request for funds and is dismissed after three weeks (the Short Parliament) | |
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| 1640 |
| | | The first book published in England's American colonies is Bay Psalm Book, a revised translation of the psalms | |
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| 1640 |
| | | Charles I's financial crisis causes him to summon another parliament to Westminster (the Long Parliament, not dissolved until 1660) | |
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| 1640 |
| | | The new parliament immediately impeaches Charles I's two closest advisers, the earl of Strafford and archbishop William Laud | |
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| c. 1641 |
| | | Cavalier is now in use as a term of abuse for supporters of the royal cause | |
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| c. 1641 |
| | | Roundhead is now in use as a term of abuse for supporters of parliament | |
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| 1641 |
| | | Under pressure from parliament, Charles I signs the death warrant of his most powerful supporter, the earl of Strafford | |
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| 1641 |
| | | The profusion of paintings on sale in Holland astonishes an English visitor, John Evelyn | |
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| 1641 |
| | | The Dutch expel the Portuguese from their trading posts in Malacca | |
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| 1641 |
| | | Parliament presents Charles I with the Grand Remonstrance, a long list of grievances against his conduct of the realm | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Charles I comes in person to the House of Commons, but fails in his attempt to arrest the Five Members whom he accuses of treason | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Charles I leaves London and heads for the north of England, where his support is the strongest | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Henrietta Maria, the wife of Charles I, travels to Holland, taking with her the English crown jewels | |
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| 1642 |
| | | The Mongols depose the ruling dynasty of Tibet and offer the country to the Dalai Lama, to be ruled by him with Mongol military support | |
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| 1642 |
| | | The Briare canal, joining the Seine to the Loire, has a staircase of six consecutive locks | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Abel Tasman makes landfall in the Macquarie Harbour area in the island now known after him, Tasmania | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Parliament sends Charles I a list of political demands, the Nineteen Propositions, which it would be impossible for him to accept | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Charles I, at Nottingham, raises the royal standard - signalling that he considers himself at war | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Charles I leads his army into action at Edgehill - the first, but inconclusive, battle in the English Civil War | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Charles I marches to within a few miles of Westminster (to Turnham Green), but withdraws without engaging the enemy | |
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| 1642 |
| | | Charles I withdraws to Oxford, where he establishes his court for the rest of the war | |
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