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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1549 |
| | | The first version of the English prayer book, or Book of Common Prayer, is published with text by Thomas Cranmer | |
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| 1549 |
| | | Joachim du Bellay publishes a manifesto for the group of new French poets who become known as the Pléiade | |
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| c. 1550 |
| | | Africans, bought in the Portuguese trading posts of west Africa, are shipped across the Atlantic as slaves | |
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| 1550 |
| | | The Mongols, increasingly dominated by their neighbours in Manchuria, submit to them and are accepted by the Manchus as vassals | |
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| c. 1550 |
| | | The tinderbox provides a new way of making fire - with just flint, steel and tinder | |
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| c. 1550 |
| | | Spanish galleons assemble each year at Portobelo to deliver European goods and to ship home the metals of Latin America | |
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| 1550 |
| | | Pierre de Ronsard publishes the first four books of his Odes | |
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| 1553 |
| | | Mary I succeeds to the English throne, and devotes her energies to the restoration of the Catholic faith | |
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| 1554 |
| | | Mary I causes grave offence in England by her marriage to the Catholic heir to the king of Spain | |
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| 1554 |
| | | Thomas Wyatt raises a Protestant rebellion in Yorkshire and marches south in a failed attempt to depose the English queen, Mary I | |
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| 1554 |
| | | Mary I arrests her younger sister Elizabeth under suspicion of complicity in the Wyatt Rebellion, but she can find no proof | |
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| 1555 |
| | | The Muscovy Company is granted a monopoly by the crown to trade with Russia, as the first of the English chartered companies | |
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| 1555 |
| | | The Peace of Augsburg achieves a compromise which for a while solves the religious tensions deriving from the Reformation | |
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| 1555 |
| | | Civil war within India enables Humayun to win a battle at Sirhind and recover the Mughal throne | |
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| 1555 |
| | | The Protestant martyrs, though few in number, ensure the reputation of Bloody Mary in English history | |
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| 1556 |
| | | Charles V abdicates, handing the Netherlands and Spain to his son Philip and the title of Holy Roman emperor to his brother Ferdinand | |
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| 1556 |
| | | Humayun dies and Akbar, the greatest of the Mughal emperors, inherits the throne at the age of thirteen | |
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| 1556 |
| | | The division by Charles V of his territories means that there are now two Habsburg empires, Austrian and Spanish | |
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| 1557 |
| | | Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul | |
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| 1557 |
| | | The Portuguese establish a trading post on Macao, a small peninsula off the south coast of China | |
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| 1558 |
| | | Elizabeth I succeeds peacefully to the throne of England, after the turmoil of Mary's Catholic reign | |
|  | Bettes Elizabeth I (detail)
National Maritime Museum
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| 1558 |
| | | William Cecil, later Lord Burghley, becomes Elizabeth's principal secretary - and remains in the post for forty years | |
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| 1558 |
| | | Mary Queen of Scots marries the heir to the French throne, who a year later succeeds as Francis II | |
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| c. 1558 |
| | | With its strong French connection, the Scottish royal name of Stewart begins to be spelt Stuart (there being no 'w' in native French words) | |
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| 1559 |
| | | John Knox returns to Scotland from Geneva and inspires the Protestants to march on Edinburgh | |
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| 1559 |
| | | A national synod of France's Protestants, the Huguenots, is convened in Paris | |
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| 1560 |
| | | A book to teach good handwriting is published by Gianfrancesco Cresci, with examples engraved on copper plates | |
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| 1560 |
| | | Tobacco is grown in Europe's physic gardens for its medicinal qualities | |
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| 1560 |
| | | A year after Mary has become queen of France, her husband Francis II dies | |
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| 1561 |
| | | Mary Queen of Scots returns from France to Edinburgh, and to an inevitable clash with John Knox | |
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| 1563 |
| | | Philip II begins construction of the palace and monastery known as the Escorial | |
|  | Escorial, near Madrid
Fotofile CG
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