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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1530 |
| | | Atahualpa defeats and kills his half-brother Huáscar, thus winning control of the entire Inca empire | |
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| 1530 |
| | | German botanist Otto Brunfels publishes Living images of plants, the first serious work of natural history with printed illustrations | |
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| 1530 |
| | | The first Mughal emperor, Babur, dies in India and is succeeded by his son, Humayun | |
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| 1531 |
| | | The Aztec Virgin of Guadalupe appears to an Indian near Mexico City and tells him she is 'one of his kind' | |
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| 1531 |
| | | The Protestant princes of Germany form the defensive League of Schmalkalden | |
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| 1531 |
| | | Zwingli is killed at Kappel in a battle between Protestant and Catholic cantons | |
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| 1531 |
| | | Francisco Pizarro leads 168 men, with about 30 horses, into the territory of the Inca empire | |
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| 1532 |
| | | François Rabelais publishes Pantagruel, the first to appear of his five books about the giant Pantagruel and his father Gargantua | |
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| 1532 |
| | | Pizarro and his tiny force ambush and massacre the Inca court in Cajamarca, capturing Atahualpa himself alive | |
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| 1532 |
| | | Atahualpa agrees to buy his freedom from the Spaniards with a room full of gold and another of silver | |
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| 1533 |
| | | In a secret ceremony Henry VIII marries Anne Boleyn, though he has not yet succeeded in divorcing Catherine of Aragon | |
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| 1533 |
| | | Although the ransom has been paid, Atahualpa is executed by the Spaniards — who ensure that he dies a Christian | |
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| 1533 |
| | | The Spanish conquistadors capture and sack the Inca capital of Cuzco, high in the Andes | |
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| 1533 |
| | | Thomas Cranmer, the archbishop of Canterbury, declares Henry VIII's marriage to Catherine of Aragon null and void | |
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| 1533 |
| | | Anne Boleyn has a child (the future Elizabeth I) but not of the sex her husband wants | |
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| 1533 |
| | | The Holy Roman Emperor, Charles V, makes Titian his court painter (an arrangement continued by Philip II) | |
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| 1534 |
| | | French explorer Jacques Cartier charts the Gulf of St Lawrence and, in 1525, explores up the river as far as Montreal | |
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| 1534 |
| | | Henry VIII's Act of Supremacy forces prominent figures in English public life to accept him on oath as head of the Church of England | |
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| 1534 |
| | | The Portuguese force the local ruler to cede to them the island of Bombay | |
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| 1534 |
| | | Paris wakes up to find Protestant placards all over the place, mocking the sacrament of the mass | |
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| 1535 |
| | | Cartier, welcomed by the Huron Indians, gives their island in the St Lawrence river the name of Montreal | |
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| 1535 |
| | | Thomas More refuses to take the oath accepting the Act of Supremacy and is beheaded | |
|  | Interrogations for the trial of Sir Thomas More
National Archives, Kew
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| 1536 |
| | | Henry VIII begins the process of gathering in the wealth of England's monasteries | |
|  | Valor Ecclesiasticus, or valuation of church property in 1536
National Archives, Kew
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| 1536 |
| | | Wales is merged within the English kingdom as a principality | |
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| 1536 |
| | | Christian III seizes the wealth of Danish churches and monasteries, before turning his attention to those of Norway | |
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| 1536 |
| | | Manco Inca begins a siege of the Spaniards in Cuzco that lasts for a year | |
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| 1536 |
| | | The reign of Christian III begins three centuries in which Norway is administered as little more than an annexe of Denmark | |
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| 1536 |
| | | Henry VIII's queen, Anne Boleyn, is beheaded in the Tower of London on unsubstantiated charges of adultery | |
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| 1536 |
| | | Henry VIII marries Jane Seymour, eleven days after the execution of Anne Boleyn | |
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| 1537 |
| | | With the end of the siege of Cuzco, and the flight of Manco Inca, the Spanish have full control of Peru | |
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| 1537 |
| | | Jane Seymour gives birth to Henry VIII's long-awaited male heir (the future Edward VI) | |
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| 1537 |
| | | Jane Seymour dies twelve days after giving birth to Henry VIII's heir, the future Edward VI | |
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| 1540 |
| | | Pope Paul III establishes Ignatius Loyola and his followers as the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits | |
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| 1540 |
| | | Francisco Vasquez de Coronado penetrates far north and west of Texas in an expedition searching for gold | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Protestant reformer John Calvin settles in Geneva and submits the city to a strict Christian rule | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Suleiman I takes Buda (now Budapest), and by 1547 the Turks occupy almost the whole of Hungary | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Francis Xavier, companion of Ignatius Loyola and the first missionary of the Counter-Reformation, sets sail from Lisbon | |
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| 1542 |
| | | New Laws are passed in Spain, in an attempt to protect the Indians on the encomiendas of Spanish America | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Francis Xavier reaches Goa, at the start of the great mission to the east that will last the nine years until his death | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Pope Paul III establishes the Roman Inquisition, with the specific task of fighting against the Protestant heresy | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Henry VIII's fourth wife, Catherine Howard, is beheaded on a charge of adultery with Thomas Culpeper | |
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| 1542 |
| | | A one-week-old Scottish infant, daughter of James V, inherits the throne as Mary Queen of Scots | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus publishes a book suggesting that the earth moves round the sun | |
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| 1543 |
| | | The first Europeans reach Japan by accident, blown ashore in a storm | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Flemish anatomist Andreas Vesalius publishes a seven-volume work which for the first time lays bare human anatomy | |
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| 1543 |
| | | Humayun, driven west into Afghanistan by Sher Shah, loses his family's new inheritance in India | |
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| 1545 |
| | | Rich seams of silver are discovered at Potosi, in modern Bolivia | |
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| 1545 |
| | | 3000 Waldenses are massacred as heretics in the villages of Provence | |
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| 1545 |
| | | Ambroise Paré, the greatest surgeon of his day, publishes an account of how to treat gunshot wounds | |
|  | Artificial hand designed by Ambroise Paré
Wellcome Library, London
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| 1545 |
| | | The Italian players of the commedia dell'arte first feature in the records in this year | |
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| 1545 |
| | | A council of the Roman Catholic church is convened in Trent, to establish the tenets of the Counter-Reformation | |
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| 1546 |
| | | David Beaton, the archbishop of St Andrews, burns a leading Protestant, George Wishart, as a heretic and is murdered in retaliation | |
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| 1547 |
| | | Hungary is divided, by agreement between the Turkish sultan Suleiman I and the Habsburg ruler Ferdinand I | |
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| 1547 |
| | | On the death of Henry VIII his 10-year-old son becomes king of England as Edward VI | |
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| 1547 |
| | | Ivan IV is crowned tsar of Russia and becomes known as Ivan the Terrible | |
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| 1547 |
| | | The first book describing the game of draughts, or checkers, is published in Spain | |
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| 1547 |
| | | John Knox is captured in St Andrews and is sent to serve in the French fleet as a galley slave | |
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| 1548 |
| | | La Paz is founded on the trade route between Lima and the newly discovered silver mines at Potosi | |
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| 1549 |
| | | Brazil becomes a Portuguese royal province, under the control of a governor general | |
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| 1549 |
| | | The first Portuguese governor general of Brazil selects Bahia (now Salvador) as his capital | |
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