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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1501 |
| | | The 14-year-old Ismail I is enthroned as shah of a new Persian dynasty, the Safavids | |
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| 1501 |
| | | Michelangelo begins work in Florence on a tall thin slab of marble, which he transforms into David | |
|  | David Michelangelo
Fotofile CG
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| 1501 |
| | | Italian navigator Amerigo Vespucci sets sail from Lisbon to explore to the south of the New World | |
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| 1502 |
| | | Vasco da Gama wins a trading treaty for Portuguese merchants after bombarding the Indian port of Calicut into submission | |
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| 1503 |
| | | The marriage of James IV, king of Scotland, to Margaret Tudor, daughter of Henry VII, leads a century later to the Union of the Crowns | |
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| 1503 |
| | | Hieronymus Bosch paints the most detailed of his exotically surreal canvases, The Garden of Earthly Delights | |
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| 1503 |
| | | The Portuguese set up a trading post on the east African island of Zanzibar | |
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| 1504 |
| | | Babur captures Kabul, making it and eastern Afghanistan the first possession of the Mughal empire | |
|  | Babur in a garden
Fotofile CG
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| 1505 |
| | | The Portuguese establish a presence in Sri Lanka, trading in the island's crop of cinammon | |
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| c. 1505 |
| | | Leonardo captures the enigmatic smile of Lisa Gherardini, known now as the Mona Lisa | |
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| 1505 |
| | | Pope Julius II summons Michelangelo to Rome to create the pope's own elaborately sculpted tomb | |
|  | One of the 'slaves' for the tomb of Julius II
Fotofile CG
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| 1506 |
| | | Julius II, together with the architect Bramante, lays the foundation stone for the new St Peter's | |
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| 1507 |
| | | The editor of a pamphlet proposes that the recently found continent should be named America after the explorer Amerigo Vespucci | |
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| 1508 |
| | | Michelangelo begins work in Rome on the ceiling of the Sistine chapel | |
|  | Study for The Creation of Adam Michelangelo, c.1508
British Museum
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| 1508 |
| | | Raphael is summoned to Rome by Julius II and is given a major commission for frescoes | |
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| 1509 |
| | | Raphael begins work on the frescoes in the pope's apartment in the Vatican, known as the Stanze ('Rooms') | |
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| 1509 |
| | | On the death of his father, and as the result of the death of his elder brother Arthur, Henry VIII becomes king of England | |
|  | Holbein, style of Henry VIII (detail)
National Maritime Museum
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| 1510 |
| | | Erasmus and Thomas More take the northern Renaissance in the direction of Christian humanism | |
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| 1510 |
| | | Giorgione and Titian introduce the richness of colour which characterizes the high Renaissance style in Venice | |
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| 1510 |
| | | The Portuguese seize Goa and make it their colonial capital in India | |
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| c. 1510 |
| | | The startling colour contrasts in Michelangelo's Sistine ceiling anticipate one of the main characteristics of Italian mannerism | |
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| 1510 |
| | | The painter Giorgione dies after a short but extremely influential life in Venice | |
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| 1511 |
| | | The earliest surviving curling stone, discovered in Scotland, dates from this year | |
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| 1511 |
| | | The Portuguese take control of Malacca, in the Malay peninsula, as a base for trade further east | |
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| 1512 |
| | | The Portuguese make treaties in the Moluccas (or Spice Islands), to trade in cloves and nutmeg | |
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| 1513 |
| | | James IV of Scotland dies at Flodden, in the disastrous defeat of his army by the English | |
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| 1513 |
| | | Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific coast and claims the ocean for the king of Spain | |
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| 1513 |
| | | On the death of his father at Flodden, the one-year-old James V becomes king of Scotland | |
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| 1514 |
| | | Thomas Wolsey begins to build himself a palace at Hampton Court, but will later consider it politic to give it to Henry VIII | |
|  | Hampton Court west front, chromolithograph
Richmond Local Studies
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| 1514 |
| | | The Portuguese capture Hormuz and establish a garrison to control the Gulf of Oman | |
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