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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1409 |
| | | The Council at Pisa elects a new pope, Alexander V, without persuading the other two to resign - bringing the total to an unprecedented three | |
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| 1410 |
| | | Shah Rukh, son of Timur, begins rebuilding the city of Herat | |
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| 1410 |
| | | The Poles defeat the Teutonic knights between Tannenberg and Grunwald, bringing the coastal strip around Gdansk into the Polish kingdom | |
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| 1410 |
| | | The Viking settlement in Greenland ends, after 400 years, when the last ship leaves the colony and sails for Norway | |
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| 1411 |
| | | The linen drapers of Florence commission a statue of St Mark from Donatello, who carves for Orsanmichele the first free-standing Renaissance sculpture | |
|  | Donatello, St George
Fotofile CG
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| 1412 |
| | | The three Limburg brothers illustrate for the duke of Berry the Très Riches Heures, one of the masterpieces of International Gothic | |
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| 1413 |
| | | Henry V succeeds his father, Henry IV, as king of England | |
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| 1414 |
| | | A council is called at Constance, to consider the radical views of John Huss and to deal with the present excess of popes | |
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| 1415 |
| | | Filippo Brunelleschi begins studying the ruins of classical Rome, with a view to rediscovering classical architecture | |
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| 1415 |
| | | John Huss, invited to Constance under a promise of safe conduct, is arrested, tried and burnt at the stake as a heretic | |
|  | Huss burnt
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| 1415 |
| | | Henry V captures the French stronghold of Harfleur - where, in Shakespeare, he urges his dear friends 'once more unto the breach' | |
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| 1415 |
| | | Henry V wins a victory on St Crispin's day at Agincourt, against a much larger and more heavily armed French force | |
|  | Indenture committing an English gentleman to fight with Henry V in France
National Archives, Kew
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| 1415 |
| | | A Portuguese prince, Henry the Navigator, becomes fascinated by exploration down the coast of Africa and commissions successive voyages | |
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| 1417 |
| | | The Council of Constance, having done its best to dispose of the three existing popes, elects a new one - Martin V | |
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| 1418 |
| | | A competition is launched for an architect to construct a dome above Florence's cathedral, and is won by Brunelleschi | |
|  | Florence, the cathedral dome
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| 1419 |
| | | After a six-month siege Henry V makes a triumphal entry into Rouen, the city of his Norman ancestors | |
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| 1419 |
| | | John the Fearless, duke of Burgundy, is murdered by the Armagnac faction in the presence of the dauphin - escalating France's civil war | |
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| 1420 |
| | | The Hussites build a new fortified town at Tabor as their fortress headquarters | |
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| c. 1420 |
| | | Glazed windows become a feature of the richer homes of northern Europe | |
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| c. 1420 |
| | | The Portuguese, discovering the lush and uninhabited island of Madeira, send colonists to settle it | |
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| 1420 |
| | | The treaty of Troyes, between the English and the Burgundian faction, grants Henry V the status of heir to the French throne | |
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| 1420 |
| | | Henry V marries Catherine, daughter of the French king and sister of the rightful heir to the kingdom, the dauphin, who is on the opposing side | |
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| 1421 |
| | | The third Ming emperor moves the capital from Nanjing to Beijing and begins laying out the Forbidden City | |
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| 1422 |
| | | The dauphin proclaims himself Charles VII of France, but with Paris in the hands of his enemies he is known as the king of Bourges | |
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| c. 1422 |
| | | Jan Zizka wins a series of victories against papal armies, using the mobile barricade which becomes known as his 'war wagon fortress' | |
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| 1422 |
| | | Henry VI, son of Henry V and Catherine of France, is king of England and theoretically king of France before his first birthday | |
|  | Stamp signature of Henry VI in 1436
National Archives, Kew
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| 1423 |
| | | Masaccio paints some of the frescoes in the chapel of a Florentine silk merchant, Felice Brancacci, in Santa Maria del Carmine | |
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| c. 1425 |
| | | Packs of tarot playing cards are among the most popular products of Europe's first printing presses | |
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| c. 1425 |
| | | The Temple of Heaven in Beijing is built for the third emperor of the Ming dynasty | |
|  | Temple of Heaven, Beijing
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| c. 1425 |
| | | Zheng He, a Muslim eunuch, makes voyages of trade and exploration with a fleet of Chinese junks | |
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| 1428 |
| | | A peasant girl, Joan of Arc, hears the voices of saints urging her to relieve the siege of Orléans | |
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| 1429 |
| | | Joan of Arc wins her way into the presence of Charles VII at Chinon and persuades him, eventually, to trust her | |
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| 1429 |
| | | Joan of Arc leads French forces in the successful relief of Orléans | |
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| 1429 |
| | | Joan of Arc stands nearby while Charles VII is anointed at Reims, then kneels before him and for the first time calls him her king | |
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| 1430 |
| | | Joan of Arc is captured in a skirmish with the Burgundians, who subsequently hand her over to the English | |
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| 1430 |
| | | Work begins in Florence on Brunelleschi's Pazzi chapel, which encapsulates in miniature the new ideals of Renaissance architecture | |
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| c. 1430 |
| | | Robert Campin, also known as the Master of Flémalle, brings to Flemish painting a natural and everyday quality which is entirely new | |
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| 1431 |
| | | Joan of Arc, tried by the Inquisition on behalf of the English in Rouen, is burned at the stake as a relapsed heretic | |
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| 1432 |
| | | A new altarpiece is installed in the cathedral in Ghent, introducing the powerful realism of Jan van Eyck | |
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| 1433 |
| | | The Compacts of Prague, agreed with the papacy in 1433, allow the Hussite laity to receive the sacrament in both kinds | |
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| 1433 |
| | | Cosimo de' Medici, arrested by a rival faction, escapes with his life thanks to bribes and well-placed friends | |
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| 1434 |
| | | Giovanni Arnolfini, a merchant from Lucca trading in Bruges, commissions from van Eyck a portrait of himself and his wife | |
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| 1434 |
| | | The rulers of Tenochtitlan join with two other neighbouring kingdoms to form the Aztec Triple Alliance | |
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| 1435 |
| | | Chancellor Nicolas Rolin, of Burgundy, commissions an altarpiece from Jan van Eyck | |
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| 1435 |
| | | Rogier van der Weyden, the third in the extraordinary trio of Flemish artists of the 1430s, is appointed painter to the city of Brussels | |
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| 1436 |
| | | Perspective fascinates Italian Renaissance painters after the publication of Alberti's treatise on the subject, De Pictura | |
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| 1437 |
| | | Charles VII enters Paris, marking conclusively the end of the French civil war | |
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| 1437 |
| | | On the death of his father, James I, James II becomes king of Scotland | |
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| 1438 |
| | | The office of Holy Roman emperor becomes a hereditary title within the Habsburg dynasty | |
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| 1438 |
| | | The French clergy pass a resolution at Bourges, limiting the power of the papacy within France, which is adopted by the king as a 'pragmatic sanction' | |
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| 1438 |
| | | After a decisive victory over the Chanca people, a young Inca prince seizes the throne in Peru and takes the name Pachacuti | |
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| 1438 |
| | | The Byzantine emperor John Palaeologus and the Patriarch of Constantinope, Joasaph, arrive in Ferrara to attend a council of the Roman Catholic church | |
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| 1439 |
| | | Florence acquires first-hand experience of Greek culture when Greek Orthodox priests join in a debate on theology, in particular the question of Filioque | |
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| 1439 |
| | | The Seventeenth Ecumenical Council moves from Ferrara, because of the danger of plague, and sets up in Florence | |
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| c. 1440 |
| | | Cuzco, city of the Incas, grows rapidly in power after Pachacuti ('transformer of the earth') becomes emperor | |
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| 1442 |
| | | Naples is captured by Alfonso V, breaking the link with France and uniting Sicily and Naples as an Aragonese kingdom | |
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| 1443 |
| | | Skanderbeg, Albania's national hero, begins his long campaign of successes against the Turks | |
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| c. 1443 |
| | | The Dominican convent of San Marco, in Florence, is provided with a serenely beautiful series of frescoes by Fra Angelico and his assistants | |
|  | Fresco in San Marco Monastery
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| 1443 |
| | | The Hungarian general Janos Hunyadi takes Sofia from the Turks and in the next few months liberates most of Bulgaria, Serbia and Albania | |
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| 1444 |
| | | A Turkish army routs the Hungarians at Varna on the Black Sea, beginning a process which brings the Turks to the gates of Belgrade by 1456 | |
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| 1445 |
| | | A Muslim ruler is established in Malacca, forming the first of many Muslim dynasties in the Malay archipelago | |
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| 1446 |
| | | Portugal claims ownership of the region of Guinea, subsequently the centre of their slave trade on the west African coast | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | Piero della Francesca paints masterpieces in his small home town of San Sepolcro | |
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| c. 1450 |
| | | The matchlock, ignited from a smouldering length of rope, becomes the standard form of musket | |
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