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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1253 |
| | | Construction begins of two basilicas, one above the other on a hillside in Assisi, in memory of St Francis | |
|  | Assisi, Basilica
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| 1254 |
| | | The death of the last Hohenstaufen ruler, Conrad IV, leaves a vacancy on the German throne which is not filled for nineteen years | |
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| 1255 |
| | | The pope, eager to fill the vacant throne of Sicily, offers it to a son of Henry III of England but gets no firm response | |
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| 1256 |
| | | Hulagu and his horde of Mongols cross the Amu Darya river and move against Muslim Persia | |
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| 1256 |
| | | Pope Alexander IV establishes a third order of preaching friars, the Augustinians | |
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| 1257 |
| | | The Persian poet Sa'di publishes his Bustan ('Orchard'), a collection of moral tales in verse | |
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| 1258 |
| | | Henry III accepts severe curtailment of his powers in the Provisions of Oxford, but then asks the pope to absolve him from his oath | |
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| 1258 |
| | | When Hulagu and his Mongol army reach Baghdad, in 1258, it is said that 800,000 of the inhabitants are killed - and the caliph is kicked to death | |
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| 1259 |
| | | Nicola Pisano completes a pulpit for Pisa, borrowing details from Roman sarcophagi - an early example of a new interest in the classical past | |
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| c. 1260 |
| | | A new form of poetry is written in northern Italy, described later by Dante as a sweet new style - the dolce stil nuovo | |
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| 1260 |
| | | The Bohemian prince Otakar II, ruler also of Austria, extends his territories after defeating the Hungarians at Kressenbrunn | |
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| 1260 |
| | | Kublai Khan, a grandson of Genghis Khan, is elected Great Khan of the Mongols | |
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| 1260 |
| | | At Ayn Jalut, near Nazareth, the Egyptian Mamelukes defeat the Mongol army of Hulagu - the first military setback for the Mongols | |
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| 1262 |
| | | The Norwegian king, Haakon IV, annexes Iceland as his personal fief, bringing to an end the commonwealth established in AD 930 | |
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| 1263 |
| | | Pope Urban IV offers Sicily to a French prince, Charles of Anjou, who marches south in 1266 to fight for the kingdom | |
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| 1263 |
| | | A Scottish victory over the Norwegians at Largs results in the recovery of the western isles | |
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| 1264 |
| | | Kublai defeats his brother Ariq Böge and thus establishes his position as Great Khan of the Mongols | |
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| 1264 |
| | | Simon de Montfort, leading the barons in rebellion, captures Henry III and his son Edward at Lewes | |
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| c. 1265 |
| | | Hulagu and his Mongol descendants rule Persia as Il-khans, subordinate to the great khan in the east | |
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| 1265 |
| | | Prince Edward, escaping from captivity, defeats and kills Simon de Montfort at Evesham | |
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| c. 1266 |
| | | Thomas Aquinas begins the outstanding work of medieval scholasticism, his Summa Theologiae | |
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| 1267 |
| | | In a treaty agreed at Shrewsbury, the English king Henry III acknowledges Llewellyn ap Gruffydd as the prince of Wales | |
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| 1268 |
| | | The first mention of a lens occurs in a manuscript by Roger Bacon, to be soon followed by the invention of spectacles | |
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| 1269 |
| | | The Marinids, a Berber tribe, take Marrakech and bring to an end Almohad rule in Morocco | |
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| c. 1270 |
| | | The Assassins are systematically destroyed by Baybars, the Mameluke sultan of Egypt | |
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| 1270 |
| | | Novgorod asserts its independence, electing its own city magistrate to take over the role of the local Russian prince | |
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| 1271 |
| | | Marco Polo, aged seventeen, sets off from Venice on his journey to the east | |
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| 1271 |
| | | The Mongol leader Kublai Khan chooses a name for his new dynasty in China, calling it Ta Yuan ('Great Origin') | |
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| 1272 |
| | | Edward I is in Sicily when he becomes king of England, on the death of his father, Henry III | |
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| 1273 |
| | | The period without a German king, known as the Great Interregnum, ends with the election of a Habsburg prince, Rudolf I | |
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| 1274 |
| | | The Mongol invasion of Japan in 1274 seems to confirm the doom and disaster foretold by the Buddhist prophet Nichiren | |
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| c. 1274 |
| | | Dante, aged nine, is overwhelmed by the beauty of Beatrice - a child a year younger than himself who later becomes his poetic inspiration | |
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| 1274 |
| | | Kublai Khan moves his administrative capital from Karakorum to what is now Beijing | |
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| c. 1275 |
| | | Mongol control over the entire breadth of Asia introduces a stability often called the Pax Mongolica, echoing the Pax Romana | |
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| 1275 |
| | | Marco Polo is presented to Kublai Khan in Xanadu, and according to his own account makes a very good impression | |
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