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| | | | World History timeline |
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| c. 650 |
| | | Thonmi Sambhota, a student of Sanskrit, devises a way of writing Tibetan and produces treatises on Tibetan grammar | |
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| 656 |
| | | Othman is assassinated, and Ali wins power as the fourth Muslim caliph - defeating Muhammad's widow Aisha at the 'battle of the camel' near Basra | |
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| 661 |
| | | Ali is assassinated and Mu'awiya becomes the fifth Muslim caliph, establishing the Umayyad dynasty | |
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| c. 661 |
| | | The emergence of the Shi'a party creates a major schism within Islam | |
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| 664 |
| | | The king of Northumbria summons a synod at Whitby to hear the arguments of Roman and Celtic Christians, then opts for Rome | |
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| 670 |
| | | The Arabs establish a garrison town at Kairouan, as a base for the conquest of northwest Africa | |
|  | Kairouan
Photograph Barnaby Rogerson
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| c. 670 |
| | | With the entire middle east under their control, the Arabs make Damascus the capital of the Umayyad caliphate | |
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| 674 |
| | | A Muslim fleet attacking Constantinople is deterred by the first known use of the Byzantine secret recipe for 'Greek fire' | |
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| 680 |
| | | Husayn, the son of Ali, dies at Karbala in a battle against rival Muslims and becomes the most holy of Shi'ite martyrs | |
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| c. 687 |
| | | With a victory at Tertry, Pepin II wins effective control over all three Frankish kingdoms | |
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| 691 |
| | | The Dome of the Rock is completed as a Muslim shrine on the Temple Mount in Jerusalem | |
|  | Jerusalem, Dome of the Rock
Fotofile CG
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| 695 |
| | | Willibrord, recently arrived from England to convert the Frisians, is consecrated archbishop of a new see in Utrecht | |
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| 698 |
| | | Carthage is captured from the Byzantines by the Arabs and is finally destroyed, though Tunis will later rise nearby | |
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| c. 698 |
| | | The Lindisfarne Gospels are written and illuminated by Celtic monks on the Scottish island of Lindisfarne | |
|  | Lindisfarne Gospels
British Library
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| c. 700 |
| | | Shortage of manpower in the Muslim armies causes a change of policy, with non-Arabs now allowed to convert to Islam | |
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| c. 700 |
| | | The African slave trade through the Sahara is so extensive that a new town, Zawila, is established as a trading station | |
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| c. 700 |
| | | The discovery of the technique of porcelain, the most delicate of all forms of pottery, is made in China | |
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| c. 700 |
| | | The earliest two Turkish states are the confederation of Gök Türk and the empire of the Khazars | |
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| c. 700 |
| | | The quipu is used in the Wari culture and becomes the standard recording device of the Andean civilizations | |
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| c. 700 |
| | | The ancient kingdom of Ghana is the first to be established at the southern end of the Saharan trade routes | |
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| c. 700 |
| | | Many Anglo-Saxon kingdoms have by now amalgated, until there are just the seven of the Heptarchy | |
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| 710 |
| | | The Japanese imperial court makes its capital city at Nara, based on the Chinese example of Xi'an | |
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| 711 |
| | | Muslim Arabs cross from north Africa into Spain and drive the Visigoths from Toledo | |
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| 712 |
| | | Muslims, arriving from Persia through Baluchistan, occupy the region of Sind in western India | |
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| 714 |
| | | The death of the Frankish 'mayor of the palace' Pepin II is followed by civil war between members of his family | |
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| 718 |
| | | Retreating from the Arab onslaught, the Visigoths establish a kingdom of last resort in the extreme north of Spain, in Asturias | |
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| 724 |
| | | The civil war among the Franks ends with complete victory for Charles Martel, an illegitimate grandson of Pepin II | |
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| c. 725 |
| | | The Frankish ruler Charles Martel, granting tracts of land to his nobles, lays the foundation for European feudalism | |
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| 726 |
| | | The emperor Leo III launches the iconoclastic controversy, sending soldiers to smash the great image of Christ over the gateway to his palace | |
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| 726 |
| | | The Venetians for the first time elect their own doge, acting independently of the Byzantine governor in Ravenna | |
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| c. 730 |
| | | Three of China's most famous poets - Wang Wei, Li Po and Tu Fu - are contemporaries during the T'ang dynasty | |
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| 731 |
| | | The Venerable Bede, in his monastery at Jarrow, completes his history of the English church and people | |
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| 732 |
| | | The Muslim advance into France is halted when Charles Martel defeats the Arabs between Poitiers and Tours | |
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| 735 |
| | | Japanese tradition gives this as the year in which the game of I-go, known in the west as go, is introduced from China | |
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| 741 |
| | | Charles Martel dies and leaves the Frankish kingdoms to his two sons, Carloman and Pepin III | |
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