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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 57 BC |
| | | Silla becomes the first of the three kingdoms of Korea, followed by Koguryo in 37 BC and Paekche in 18 BC | |
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| 55 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar makes the first of his two invasions of Celtic Britain | |
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| 54 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar returns to Britain for a second visit, this time reaching north of the Thames into the kingdom of Cassivellaunus | |
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| 53 BC |
| | | Crasssus is killed at Carrhae, in Turkey, when the Parthians defeat his army, largely thanks to their brilliance as mounted archers | |
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| 53 BC |
| | | The death of Crassus at Carrhae brings to an end the first triumvirate | |
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| 52 BC |
| | | The Celtic leader Vercingetorix inflicts an unaccustomed defeat on Julius Caesar, at Gergovia, but is captured later in the year | |
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| 52 BC |
| | | In his winter quarters Julius Caesar writes The Gallic War, an account of his own achievements in suppressing the Gauls | |
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| 51 BC |
| | | In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt | |
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| 51 BC |
| | | The Xiongnu split into two hordes, one of them submitting to China and the other moving west | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | The Phoenicians discover that a blob of molten glass can be puffed out to form a hollow vessel | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | A body preserved in the tannin of Lindow Moss, an English peat bog, is probably a sacrificial victim of the Druids | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | Gladiators have metal studs on their boxing gloves, and a public bout is expected to go on until the loser dies | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | The Great Stupa at Sanchi is the earliest surviving Buddhist stupa | |
|  | Sanchi
Photograph Beryl Pethick
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | The Maya independently develop the concept of place value in numbers, previously pioneered in Babylon | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | The Maya introduce a calendar which has a cycle of fifty-two years, known as the Calendar Round | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | A doctrinal split emerges within Jainism over whether a devotee must go naked (sky clad) or may be allowed a simple robe (white clad) | |
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| 49 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar crosses the river Rubicon (the southern boundary of Gaul) with his army – and in doing so launches a civil war | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers | |
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| 47 BC |
| | | Cleopatra gives birth to a son and calls him Ptolemy XV Caesar (later known by the nickname Caesarion) | |
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