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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 423 BC |
| | | Socrates is now sufficiently prominent to be satirized in Clouds, a comedy by Aristophanes | |
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| 431 BC |
| | | A sudden attack on Plataea (an ally of Athens) by Thebes (an ally of Sparta) begins the Second Peloponnesian War | |
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| 431 BC |
| | | The renewal of the Peloponnesian War prompts Thucydides to begin a great work of contemporary history | |
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| c. 430 BC |
| | | Siddartha Gautama, a prince in Nepal, leaves home to become a wandering ascetic | |
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| c. 430v |
| | | Phidias creates a massive statue of Zeus, covered in gold and ivory, to stand in the temple at Olympia | |
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| 430 BC |
| | | A plague strikes Athens in the second year of the Peloponnesian War | |
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| 427 BC |
| | | Athenians vote to kill all the men on the captured island of Mytilene, but the next day change their mind - almost too late | |
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| c. 425 BC |
| | | Aristophanes wins first prize in Athens for his comedy The Acharnians | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | | Gautama Buddha preaches his first sermon, at Sarnath, setting out the Four Noble Truths and the Eightfold Path | |
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| c. 424 BC |
| | | Gautama, after a night of meditation under a pipal tree at Buddh Gaya, is 'enlightened' and becomes the Buddha | |
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| c. 420 BC |
| | | The Greek philosopher Democritus declares that matter is composed of indivisible and indestructible atoms | |
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| c. 420 BC |
| | | Buddha introduces a vigorous tradition of monasticism, in the order of Buddhist monks known as Sangha | |
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| 416 BC |
| | | The Athenians, capturing Melos, kill all the males of the island and sell the women and children into slavery | |
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| 414 BC |
| | | The Persians, renewing their interest in the Aegean, fund the Spartans in the building of a fleet to match that of Athens | |
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| c. 410 BC |
| | | The Greeks develop the three classical styles of column, the Doric, the Ionic and the Corinthian | |
|  | Corinthian Column
Photograph Barnaby Rogerson
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| 409 BC |
| | | A Carthaginian army lands near Marsala to begin the long involvement of Carthage in Sicily | |
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| 405 BC |
| | | The last remaining Athenian fleet is surprised and destroyed by the Spartans in the Hellespont | |
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| 404 BC |
| | | The famous Long Walls of Athens, her impregnable defence, are dismantled by the Spartans in the final act of the Peloponnesian War | |
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| 401 BC |
| | | Greek mercenaries, on the losing side at Cunaxa, begin a long journey home - described by Xenophon in the Anabasis | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | Hippocrates, on the Greek island of Kos, founds an influential school of medicine | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | The Upanishads, written over a long period from oral tradition, are the mystical texts of early Hinduism | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | The Zapotecs create a great city at Monte Alban, continuing the Olmec culture | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | Daodejing ('The Way and the Power') is the book of Daoism | |
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| c. 400 BC |
| | | The kingdom of Magadha, with its capital at Rajgir (near modern Patna), emerges as the dominant power in north India | |
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| 399 BC |
| | | Socrates, convicted in Athens of impiety, is sentenced to death and drinks the hemlock | |
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| 396 BC |
| | | The Romans capture the nearby Etruscan town of Veii, beginning a long process of territorial expansion | |
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| 390 BC |
| | | Celtic tribes , pushing south through the Alps, reach Rome and sack the city | |
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| 387 BC |
| | | Plato establishes a school in Akademeia, a suburb of Athens | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | Central to Plato's philosophy is the theory that there are higher Forms of reality, of which our senses perceive only a transient shadow | |
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| c. 380 BC |
| | | A Greek text, attributed to Polybus, argues that the human body is composed of four humours | |
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| 371 BC |
| | | A Spartan army is overwhelmed at Leuctra by a smaller number of Thebans under Epaminondas | |
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| 367 BC |
| | | Aristotle, at the age of seventeen, comes to Athens to join Plato's academy | |
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| 359 BC |
| | | Philip II succeds his father Amyntas III on the throne of Macedonia, the northernmost kingdom of Greece | |
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| 356 BC |
| | | Philip II sets about making Macedon the most powerful state in Greece | |
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| 356 BC |
| | | Alexander the Great is born in Pella, the capital of his father Philip II, at the heart of the expanding Macedonian kingdom | |
|  | Pella, mosaic
Fotofile CG
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | Artemisia, widow of Mausolus, builds him a tomb at Halicarnassus so spectacular that his name provides a new word - mausoleum | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | Eudoxus of Cnidus proposes the concept of transparent spheres supporting the bodies visible in the heavens | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | Daoism, attributed to the mythical sage Lao Tzu, becomes a popular alternative to the solemnity of Confucianism | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | Private financiers in Athens give loans, take deposits, change money from one currency to another and arrange credit for travellers | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | Tea, now well established as a drink, features in a Chinese dictionary | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | The earliest description of a pulley appears in a Greek text | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | The brutal philosophy of Legalism contributes to the decline of the Zhou dynasty | |
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| c. 350 BC |
| | | The Mahabharata, India's great national epic, begins to take shape | |
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| 348 BC |
| | | The citizens of Olynthus abandon their houses, with elaborate mosaic floors, when their city is attacked by Philip of Macedon | |
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