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| | | | World History timeline |
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| 1857 |
| | | The Boers of the southern Transvaal declare independence as the South African Republic | |
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| 1857 |
| | | Charles Baudelaire publishes his first and extremely influential collection of poems, Les Fleurs du Mal | |
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| 1857 |
| | | In Tom Brown's Schooldays Thomas Hughes depicts the often brutal aspects of an English public school | |
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| 1857 |
| | | After being besieged for five months in Lucknow, the remnants of the British garrison finally escape | |
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| c. 1857 |
| | | Acts of exceptional valour in the Crimean War are rewarded with a new medal, the Victoria Cross, made from the metal of captured Russian guns | |
|  | Crimean War heroes, 1857
National Archives, Kew
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| 1858 |
| | | Palmerston's government collapses and Lord Derby heads another Conservative minority administration | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Conservatives seize Mexico City at the start of a civil war against the Liberal government | |
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| 1858 |
| | | John O'Mahony, an Irish emigrant to the USA, founds the Fenian Brotherhood as a secret organization supporting the Irish republican cause | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Burton and Speke reach Lake Tanganyika at Ujiji, a place later famous for the meeting between Livingstone and Stanley | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Lucknow is retaken by the British, nearly a year after it fell to the rebels | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Brunel dies just before the maiden voyage of his gigantic final project, the luxury liner The Great Eastern | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Napoleon III and Cavour hatch a secret plan at Plombièes to tempt Austria into war in north Italy, and agree how to divide up the spoils | |
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| 1858 |
| | | The end of the Indian Mutiny is followed by brutal British retaliation | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Abraham Linclon comes to national prominence through his debates on slavery with Stephen Douglas, his rival for an Illinois seat in the Senate | |
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| 1858 |
| | | The India Act places India under the direct control of the British government, ending the rule of the East India Company | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Charles Darwin is alarmed to receive in his morning post a paper by Alfred Russell Wallace, outlining very much his own theory of evolution | |
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| 1858 |
| | | The Treaty of Tientsin, ending the Second Opium War, gives European powers new rights to intervene in Chinese affairs | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Under the Treaty of Aigun, Russia wins from China the valuable Pacific coastline down to Vladivostok | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Lionel Nathan Rothschild becomes the first Jew to sit in Britain's House of Commons, taking his oath on the Old Testament | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Oliver Wendell Holmes' book The Autocrat of the Breakfast Table is the first in a breakfast-table series | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Longfellow uses a romantic story of early New England for his narrative poem The Courtship of Miles Standish | |
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| 1858 |
| | | The stench in central London, rising from the polluted Thames in a hot summer, creates what becomes known as the Great Stink | |
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| 1858 |
| | | US entrepreneur Cyrus W. Field succeeds in laying a telegraph cable across the Atlantic, but it fails after only a month | |
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| 1858 |
| | | An Irish branch of the US Fenians is established as the Irish Republican Brotherhood | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Napoleon III sends forces to capture the port of Da Nang, beginning the French colonization of Vietnam | |
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| 1858 |
| | | The last Mughal emperor, Bahadur Shah II, is deposed by the British and exiled to Rangoon, in Burma | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Speke reaches Lake Victoria and guesses that it is probably the source of the Nile | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Hector Berlioz completes his 4-hour opera The Trojans (not performed as a complete work until 1890) | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Joseph Bazalgette is given the task of providing London with a desperately needed new system of sewers | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Charles Darwin puts forward the theory of evolution in On the Origin of Species, the result of 20 years' research | |
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| 1859 February |
| | | English author George Eliot wins fame with her first full-length novel, Adam Bede | |
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| 1859 |
| | | A French and Piedmontese army liberates Milan from Austrian rule | |
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| 1859 |
| | | The opera Faust, by French composer Charles Gounod, has its premiere in Paris | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Liberal leader Lord Palmerston returns to office as the British prime minister after the collapse of Derby's coalition government | |
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| 1859 |
| | | The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia merge as a single new entity, to be called Romania | |
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| 1859 |
| | | A 13-ton bell is installed above London's Houses of Parliament, soon giving its name (Big Ben) to both the clock and the clock-tower | |
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| 1859 |
| | | French and Piedmontese forces defeat the Austrians decisively at Solferino, in a battle involving appalling casualties | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Frozen remains and a document are finally found to reveal the fate of the Franklin expedition of 1845 to the NorthWest Passage | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Edwin L. Drake strikes oil in Pennsylvania, leading to several local oil rushes | |
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| 1859 |
| | | French author Stendhal publishes his novel La Chartreuse de Parme ('The Charterhouse of Parma') | |
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| 1859 |
| | | In On Liberty John Stuart Mill makes the classic liberal case for the priority of the freedom of the individual | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Samuel Smiles provides an inspiring ideal of Victorian enterprise in Self-Help, a manual for ambitious young men | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Tennyson publishes the first part of Idylls of the King, a series of linked poems about Britain's mythical king Arthur | |
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| 1859 |
| | | John Brown is captured leading a group of abolitionists to seize arms from the federal arsenal at Harper's Ferry | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Abolitionst John Brown is convicted of treason at Harper's Ferry and is hanged | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Charles Dickens publishes his French Revolution novel, A Tale of Two Cities | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Edward FitzGerald publishes The Rubáiyát of Omar Khayyám, romantic translations of the work of the Persian poet | |
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| 1859 |
| | | US artist James McNeill Whistler settles in London, which he makes his home for the rest of his life | |
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| 1860 |
| | | The treaty of Turin brings much of north Italy under the control of Cavour (for the kingdom of Sardinia), who in return cedes Savoy and Nice to France | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Mail is carried by horse relay from Missouri to California, travelling 2000 miles in ten days in the service known as the Pony Express | |
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| c. 1860 |
| | | German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and technician Peter Desdega perfect the non-luminous gas burner for use in the laboratory | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Garibaldi lands at Marsala in Sicily in May with his thousand Redshirts, and wins control of the island for the king in waiting, Victor Emmanuel II | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Lincoln becomes the Republican presidential candidate, benefiting from a Democratic party split on the issue of slavery | |
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| c. 1860 |
| | | German immigrants arriving in the USA now outnumber even the Irish | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Florence Nightingale opens a training school for nurses in St Thomas's Hospital, establishing nursing as a profession | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Garibaldi crosses from Sicily to the mainland and by September is in Naples | |
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| 1860 |
| | | US adventurer William Walker, thrown out of Nicaragua in 1857, is executed in Honduras | |
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| 1860 |
| | | British and French forces occupy Beijing and burn the imperial summer palace, at the end of the Second Opium War | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Republican contender Abraham Lincoln is elected US president with only 39% of the popular vote and no electoral votes in eleven southern states | |
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