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| c. 800,000 years ago |
| | | The last common ancestor of modern humans and Neanderthals evolves in Africa (possibly the species known as Homo Rhodesiensis) | |
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| c. 230,000 years ago |
| | | Humans evolve who can be classified as Homo sapiens - among them Neanderthal Man | |
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| c. 150,000 years ago |
| | | A possible second migration from Africa begins, involving at some time the ancestors of modern man, Homo sapiens sapiens | |
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| c. 130,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthal man is by now well established in Europe and Asia, probably having evolved after his ancestors left Africa | |
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| c. 120,000 to 35,000 years ago |
| | | The Middle Palaeolithic era covers the period when Neanderthals and modern humans coexist in Europe and Asia | |
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| c. 50,000 to 30,000 years ago |
| | | Neanderthals decline in numbers, first in Asia and then in Europe | |
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| c. 35,000 years ago |
| | | The Neanderthals vanish quite suddenly from the fossil record, leaving modern humans as the only surviving members of our species | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Charles Darwin is alarmed to receive in his morning post a paper by Alfred Russell Wallace, outlining very much his own theory of evolution | |
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| 1859 |
| | | Charles Darwin puts forward the theory of evolution in On the Origin of Species, the result of 20 years' research | |
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| 1919 |
| | | H.L. Mencken's The American Language traces the gradual evolution of American from English | |
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