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| 1860 |
| | | Mail is carried by horse relay from Missouri to California, travelling 2000 miles in ten days in the service known as the Pony Express | |
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| c. 1860 |
| | | German chemist Robert Wilhelm Bunsen and technician Peter Desdega perfect the non-luminous gas burner for use in the laboratory | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Garibaldi lands at Marsala in Sicily in May with his thousand Redshirts, and wins control of the island for the king in waiting, Victor Emmanuel II | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Lincoln becomes the Republican presidential candidate, benefiting from a Democratic party split on the issue of slavery | |
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| c. 1860 |
| | | German immigrants arriving in the USA now outnumber even the Irish | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Florence Nightingale opens a training school for nurses in St Thomas's Hospital, establishing nursing as a profession | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Garibaldi crosses from Sicily to the mainland and by September is in Naples | |
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| 1860 |
| | | US adventurer William Walker, thrown out of Nicaragua in 1857, is executed in Honduras | |
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| 1860 |
| | | British and French forces occupy Beijing and burn the imperial summer palace, at the end of the Second Opium War | |
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| 1860 |
| | | Republican contender Abraham Lincoln is elected US president with only 39% of the popular vote and no electoral votes in eleven southern states | |
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