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| 1856 |
| | | English chemist William Henry Perkin accidentally creates the first synthetic die, aniline purple (now known as mauve) | |
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| 1856 |
| | | An incident aboard the Arrow, flying a British flag, gives the British the pretext to launch the Second Opium War | |
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| 1856 |
| | | Democrat candidate James Buchanan wins the US presidential election, defeating Republican John C Fr&eqacute;mont | |
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| 1857 |
| | | David Livingstone urges upon a Cambridge audience the high ideal of taking 'commerce and Christianity' into Africa | |
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| 1857 |
| | | The Haughwout Store, a five-storey building in New York, instals the first Otis safety elevator | |
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| 1857 |
| | | Russian exile Alexander Herzen, publishes in London a radical newspaper called Kolokol (The Bell) | |
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| 1857 |
| | | Richard Burton and John Hanning Speke set off from Bagamoyo in their search for the source of the Nile | |
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| 1857 |
| | | An ultra-reactionary Supreme Court judgement in the Dred Scott case heightens US tensions over slavery | |
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| 1857 |
| | | French chemist Louis Pasteur proves the existence of micro-organisms by showing that a liquid will only ferment if exposed to contamination from the air | |
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| 1857 |
| | | Animal fat on a new issue of cartridges sparks off the Indian Mutiny, also know as the First War of Indian Independence | |
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