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| 1453 |
| | The Christian emperor Constantine XI dies in the fighting in Constantinople, as the Greek Byzantine empire yields to that of the Ottoman Turks | |
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| 1460 |
| | The Turks complete the occupation of Greece, which remains within the Ottoman empire until the nineteenth century | |
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| 1462 |
| | Mehmed II, conqueror of Constantinople, begins to build Topkapi Sarayi as his palace | |
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| c. 1480 |
| | The name of Constantinople changes to Istanbul, a word based on the everyday Greek name for the city | |
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| 1492 |
| | Bayazid II, the Turkish sultan, makes a special point of welcoming in Istanbul the Jews expelled from Spain | |
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| 1517 |
| | The last Abbasid caliph, captured by the Ottoman Turks, is taken as a prisoner to Istanbul - ending the authentic line of 'successors' to Muhammad | |
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| 1557 |
| | Sinan completes his masterpiece, the mosque of Suleiman I in Istanbul | |
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| 1571 |
| | Spanish and Venetian galleys defeat the Turks in the battle of Lepanto | |
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| 1609 |
| | The Blue Mosque, commissioned by Ahmed I, begins to rise in Istanbul like a twin to the nearby Santa Sophia | |
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| 1660 |
| | On the first day of the new year Samuel Pepys gets up late, eats the remains of the turkey and begins his diary | |
| | First page of Pepys's diary Magdalene College, Cambridge
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