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| 1648 |
| | | The Dutch chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont suggests that there are insubstantial substances other than air, and coins a name for them - gases | |
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| 1648 |
| | | The Peace of Westphalia finally brings to an end the Thirty Years' War | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Parliamentary forces defeat the Scottish invaders and suppress other new outbreaks of royalist support | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Spain recognizes the independence of the United Provinces of the Netherlands | |
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| 1648 |
| | | Colonel Thomas Pride denies entrance to the House of Commons to about 140 opponents of Cromwell's policies | |
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| 1649 |
| | | Cromwell persuades the House of Commons, purged now of all opposition, that it is treason for a king to wage war against parliament | |
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| 1649 |
| | | Charles I, brought to trial before 135 commissioners in Westminster Hall, refuses to recognise the court's validity | |
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| 1649 |
| | | After a trial lasting a week in Westminster Hall, Charles I is convicted of treason for fighting a war against parliament | |
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| 1649 |
| | | Charles I is beheaded on a scaffold erected in the street in London's Whitehall | |
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| 1649 |
| | | Charles II, in the Hague, inherits the English and Scottish thrones of his executed father, Charles I | |
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