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| 1498 |
| | | Vasco da Gama reaches the southern coast of India, at Calicut, after sailing across the Indian Ocean from east Africa | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | The people of Benin begin a lasting tradition of sculpture in brass, melted down from objects brought by traders | |
|  | Nigerian Bronze Head, 16th century
British Museum
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| c. 1500 |
| | | The Portuguese establish trading posts in east Africa, on the coast of Mozambique | |
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| 1503 |
| | | The Portuguese set up a trading post on the east African island of Zanzibar | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The Ottoman sultan, Selim I, captures Cairo and ends Mameluke rule in the middle east | |
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| from 1517 |
| | | From Bosnia to Egypt and Arabia, the Ottoman Turks now rule the largest Muslim empire since the early caliphate - and will frequently use the title of caliph to assert their authority within Sunni Islam | |
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| 1530 |
| | | Ahmad ibn Ibrahim leads Muslim Somalis in a holy war against Christian Ethiopia, destroying churches and shrines | |
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| c. 1550 |
| | | Africans, bought in the Portuguese trading posts of west Africa, are shipped across the Atlantic as slaves | |
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| c. 1570 |
| | | The Ashanti establish a powerful kingdom in present-day Ghana, with their capital at Kumasi | |
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| 1574 |
| | | The Ottoman empire finally asserts control over the north African coast, in the footsteps of Muslim pirates | |
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