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| 643 |
| | | The Coptic Christians of Egypt become isolated after the Muslim conquest | |
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| 644 |
| | | After the assassination of Omar, Othman is elected as the third Muslim caliph | |
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| 644 |
| | | A document makes the first known reference to windmills, in use in Persia | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | At Dunhuang, an oasis on the Silk Road, as many as 500 caves are decorated with Buddhist murals | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | In the Frankish kingdoms the 'mayors of the palace' steadily become more powerful than their nominal masters, the Merovingian kings | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | The Book of Durrow, one of the earliest of the great Celtic manuscripts, is written and illuminated in Ireland | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | Under the caliph Othman, the revelations made to Muhammad are collected in their definitive form as the Qur'an | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | Jews and Christians, sharing with Muslims the status of 'people of the book', are promised religious tolerance in the Qur'an | |
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| c. 650 |
| | | The Vikings develop the fast and narrow longships with which they raid across the North Sea | |
|  | Viking ship
Fotofile CG
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| c. 650 |
| | | Songtsen Gampo builds temples in Lhasa for his two Buddhist wives, thus introducing the religion to Tibet | |
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