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| 37 BC |
| | | Antony and Cleopatra, accompanied by their three-year-old twins, marry in Antioch | |
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| 37 BC |
| | | Herod, appointed king of Judaea by the senate in Rome, establishes his rule over Palestine | |
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| c. 34 BC |
| | | Maecenas buys a farm for Horace, in the Sabine hills near Tivoli - the most fruitful of his many acts of patronage | |
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| 31 BC |
| | | Octavian defeats the forces of Antony and Cleopatra (both are at sea with their fleets) in a battle off the Greek coast at Actium | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Octavian arrives in Egypt with an army, and holds Cleopatra a prisoner in her palace in Alexandria | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Cleopatra commits suicide, applying a poisonous asp to her breast, | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | Octavian annexes Egypt as a Roman territory and takes back to Rome the vast treasures of the Egyptian pharaohs | |
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| 30 BC |
| | | With the annexation of Egypt, the entire Mediterranean falls under Roman control | |
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| 29 BC |
| | | When Octavian's Egyptian hoard reaches Rome, the standard rate of interest falls from 12% to 4% | |
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| 27 BC |
| | | Octavian is given the life-long title of Augustus by the senate in Rome, becoming in effect the first Roman emperor | |
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