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| c. 50 BC |
| | | Gladiators have metal studs on their boxing gloves, and a public bout is expected to go on until the loser dies | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | The Great Stupa at Sanchi is the earliest surviving Buddhist stupa | |
|  | Sanchi
Photograph Beryl Pethick
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | The Maya independently develop the concept of place value in numbers, previously pioneered in Babylon | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | The Maya introduce a calendar which has a cycle of fifty-two years, known as the Calendar Round | |
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| c. 50 BC |
| | | A doctrinal split emerges within Jainism over whether a devotee must go naked (sky clad) or may be allowed a simple robe (white clad) | |
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| 49 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar crosses the river Rubicon (the southern boundary of Gaul) with his army – and in doing so launches a civil war | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Civil war breaks out in Egypt between Ptolemy XIII and his sister Cleopatra, each scheming to become sole ruler | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world | |
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| 48 BC |
| | | Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers | |
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| 47 BC |
| | | Cleopatra gives birth to a son and calls him Ptolemy XV Caesar (later known by the nickname Caesarion) | |
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