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| 323 BC |
| | In the carve up of Alexander the Great's empire, Ptolemy wins Egypt and founds the Ptolemaic dynasty – with himself as the pharaoh Ptolemy I | |
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| 69 BC |
| | Cleopatra, destined to become the last ruling pharaoh as Cleopatra VII, is born in Egypt – the daughter of Ptolemy XII | |
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| 51 BC |
| | Ptolemy XII dies, leaving Egypt to his young son, now Ptolemy XIII, and to his older daughter Cleopatra | |
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| 51 BC |
| | In the Ptolemaic tradition, Cleopatra marries her brother Ptolemy XIII and at the age of eighteen is joint ruler of Egypt | |
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| 48 BC |
| | Civil war breaks out in Egypt between Ptolemy XIII and his sister Cleopatra, each scheming to become sole ruler | |
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| 48 BC |
| | Julius Caesar defeats his rival Pompey at Pharsalus, in Greece, and makes himself master of the Roman world | |
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| 48 BC |
| | Pompey, seeking in Egypt refuge from Caesar, is first welcomed and then murdered by the faction of Ptolemy XIII | |
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| 48 BC |
| | Caesar, reaching Egypt, is not pleased when sent by Ptolemy XIII the gift of Pompey's severed head, already embalmed | |
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| 48 BC |
| | Julius Caesar, now fifty-two, meets the 21-year-old Cleopatra in Alexandria and they become lovers | |
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| 47 BC |
| | The combined forces of Caesar and Cleopatra defeat Ptolemy XIII in a battle fought in the Nile delta | |
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