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| 1939 September 4 |
| | | Jan Smuts defeats J.B.M. Hertzog in a vote on neutrality, and takes Hertzog's place as South African premier | |
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| 1939 September 4 |
| | | Jan Smuts brings South Africa into the war in support of Britain | |
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| 1939 September 17 |
| | | A German U-boat sinks the British aircraft carrier Courageous off the coast of Ireland | |
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| 1939 September 17 |
| | | A Russian army invades Poland from the east, fulfilling the secret protocol of the Ribbentrop-Molotov Pact | |
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| 1939 September 19 |
| | | Finland, Sweden, Norway and Denmark jointly declare their neutrality | |
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| 1939 September 27 |
| | | Warsaw falls, after a brave resistance, whereupon Germany and Russia carve up Poland | |
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| 1939 September |
| | | Nazi murder squads (Einsatzgruppen) kill Poland's elite | |
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| 1939 October 14 |
| | | A German U-boat sinks the British battleship Royal Oak at anchor in Scapa Flow | |
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| 1939 November |
| | | Adolf Hitler orders the 'mercy killing' of all those with specified categories of infirmity, beginning with newborn babies and young children | |
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| 1939 November 30 |
| | | Soviet troops cross the borders of Finland, beginning the brief Russo-Finnish War, in keeping with the secret protocol of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact | |
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