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| 1839 |
| | | British troops invade China after the Chinese authorities seize and destroy the opium stocks of British merchants in Canton | |
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| 1839 |
| | | British forces capture Hong Kong, which is subsequently ceded to Britain by China at the end of the first Opium War in 1842 | |
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| 1842 |
| | | The First Opium War ends with the island of Hong Kong, and extensive new trading rights, ceded to Britain in the Treaty of Nanking | |
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| 1850 |
| | | A rebellion against the Qing dynasty, led by Christian convert Hong Xiuquan, breaks out in southern China | |
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| 1853 |
| | | The Taiping rebels capture the Chinese city of Nanjing and make it their capital | |
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| 1856 |
| | | An incident aboard the Arrow, flying a British flag, gives the British the pretext to launch the Second Opium War | |
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| 1858 |
| | | The Treaty of Tientsin, ending the Second Opium War, gives European powers new rights to intervene in Chinese affairs | |
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| 1858 |
| | | Under the Treaty of Aigun, Russia wins from China the valuable Pacific coastline down to Vladivostok | |
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| 1860 |
| | | British and French forces occupy Beijing and burn the imperial summer palace, at the end of the Second Opium War | |
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| 1863 |
| | | British officer Charles Gordon leads untrained auxiliaries against the Taiping rebels in China, becoming known as Chinese Gordon | |
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