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| 1812 |
| | | The Spanish authorities recover control of Venezuela, ending the region's first brief spell of independence | |
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| 1812 |
| | | The Spanish Cortes in Cadiz produces a strikingly liberal new constitution for Spain | |
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| 1812 |
| | | The British capture Detroit in an early engagement of the War of 1812 | |
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| 1812 |
| | | The US frigate Constitution, affectionately known as 'Old Ironsides', wins successes against British warships in the Atlantic | |
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| 1812 |
| | | The Russian army under Marshal Kutuzov confronts the advancing French at Borodino, and though defeated makes a successful withdrawal | |
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| 1812 |
| | | After victory at Borodino, Napoleon enters Moscow to find the city abandoned and burning | |
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| 1812 |
| | | The first two cantos are published of Byron's largely autobiographical poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, bringing him immediate fame | |
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| 1812 |
| | | Napoleon begins the retreat from Moscow, in arctic conditions and harried by guerrilla attacks | |
|  | Napoleon on the retreat from Moscow, after painting by Delort
Mary Evans Picture Library
Enlarge on linked site
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| 1812 |
| | | Napoleon arrives back in Paris ahead of the remains of his army, after losing half a million men in the Russian campaign | |
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| c. 1813 |
| | | William Hedley's Puffing Billy, the first steam locomotive running on smooth rails, goes to work at Wylam colliery | |
|  | Wylam Dilly
Royal Museum of Scotland
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