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| 1497 |
| | | Henry VII commissions the Italian navigator John Cabot to cross the Atlantic in search of new territories for England | |
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| 1497 |
| | | John Cabot, searching for a trade route to China, probably reaches Newfoundland | |
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| c. 1500 |
| | | European diseases bring death on a massive scale to an American population that has no immunity | |
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| 1513 |
| | | Vasco Núñez de Balboa reaches the Pacific coast and claims the ocean for the king of Spain | |
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| 1515 |
| | | The Spanish complete the conquest of Cuba and establish the town of Havana | |
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| 1519 |
| | | The Spanish conquistador Hernando Cortes lands on the coast of Mexico with 600 men, 16 horses and about 20 guns | |
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| 1519 |
| | | Cortes and his tiny force capture Montezuma, ruler of the mighty Aztec empire, in his palace at Tenochtitlan | |
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| 1520 |
| | | Cortes loses control of Tenochtitlan and has to escape in haste with his men during 'the Sorrowful Night' | |
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| 1521 |
| | | After a little more than a year Cortes recaptures Tenochtitlan and finally establishes Spanish control over Mexico | |
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| 1525 |
| | | The conquistadors, settling on land granted to them after the conquest, begin the long process of European emigration to America | |
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