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| 1253 |
| | | Construction begins of two basilicas, one above the other on a hillside in Assisi, in memory of St Francis | |
|  | Assisi, Basilica
Fotofile CG
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| 1254 |
| | | The death of the last Hohenstaufen ruler, Conrad IV, leaves a vacancy on the German throne which is not filled for nineteen years | |
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| 1255 |
| | | The pope, eager to fill the vacant throne of Sicily, offers it to a son of Henry III of England but gets no firm response | |
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| 1256 |
| | | Hulagu and his horde of Mongols cross the Amu Darya river and move against Muslim Persia | |
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| 1256 |
| | | Pope Alexander IV establishes a third order of preaching friars, the Augustinians | |
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| 1257 |
| | | The Persian poet Sa'di publishes his Bustan ('Orchard'), a collection of moral tales in verse | |
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| 1258 |
| | | Henry III accepts severe curtailment of his powers in the Provisions of Oxford, but then asks the pope to absolve him from his oath | |
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| 1258 |
| | | When Hulagu and his Mongol army reach Baghdad, in 1258, it is said that 800,000 of the inhabitants are killed - and the caliph is kicked to death | |
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| 1259 |
| | | Nicola Pisano completes a pulpit for Pisa, borrowing details from Roman sarcophagi - an early example of a new interest in the classical past | |
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| c. 1260 |
| | | A new form of poetry is written in northern Italy, described later by Dante as a sweet new style - the dolce stil nuovo | |
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