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| 1252 |
| | | Alexander Nevsky, appointed grand prince of Vladimir in 1252, thrives by collaborating with the Mongols of the Golden Horde | |
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| 1270 |
| | | Novgorod asserts its independence, electing its own city magistrate to take over the role of the local Russian prince | |
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| 1323 |
| | | A treaty divides Finland between two powerfully competitive neighbours, Sweden and Novgorod | |
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| 1326 |
| | | Moscow acquires new prestige when the metropolitan (or patriarch) of the Russian Orthodox church moves his residence from Vladimir | |
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| 1380 |
| | | Dimitri, grand prince of Moscow, leads other Russian princes in a crushing victory over the Mongols on the Kulikovo plain | |
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| c. 1475 |
| | | With Constantinople in Turkish hands, Moscow begins to see itself as the centre of Orthodox Christianity - or the third Rome | |
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| 1478 |
| | | Ivan III subdues proudly independent Novgorod, removing the city's famous bell | |
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| 1480 |
| | | Ivan III, grand prince of Russia, becomes the first to deny the Mongols of the Golden Horde their annual tribute of tax | |
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| 1547 |
| | | Ivan IV is crowned tsar of Russia and becomes known as Ivan the Terrible | |
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| 1555 |
| | | The Muscovy Company is granted a monopoly by the crown to trade with Russia, as the first of the English chartered companies | |
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