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| 1256 |
| | | Pope Alexander IV establishes a third order of preaching friars, the Augustinians | |
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| 1517 |
| | | The local sale of indulgences by Johann Tetzel outrages a friar teaching in Wittenberg, Martin Luther | |
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| 1521 |
| | | Ignatius of Loyola, recovering from a wound received as a soldier at Pamplona, is inspired by reading the lives of the saints | |
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| 1525 |
| | | Luther, a former friar, marries Catherine von Bora, a former nun who has just emerged from her convent | |
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| 1540 |
| | | Pope Paul III establishes Ignatius Loyola and his followers as the Society of Jesus, or the Jesuits | |
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| 1541 |
| | | Francis Xavier, companion of Ignatius Loyola and the first missionary of the Counter-Reformation, sets sail from Lisbon | |
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| 1542 |
| | | Francis Xavier reaches Goa, at the start of the great mission to the east that will last the nine years until his death | |
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| 1580 |
| | | The first Jesuit missionaries arrive in England, with Edmund Campion among their number | |
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| 1583 |
| | | The Jesuit Matteo Ricci arrives in China, and becomes the first western student of Chinese civilization | |
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| 1614 |
| | | An edict is passed expelling Jesuit missionaries from Japan, and ordering their converts to revert to Buddhism | |
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