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| 1054 |
| | | A papal delegate (from Leo IX) excommunicates Cerularius, the Patriarch of Constantinople, and the delegate is excommunicated in retaliation, launching a lasting East-West Schism | |
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| 1075 |
| | | Pope Gregory VII decrees that only the church may make ecclesiastical appointments, thus initiating the investiture controversy between pope and emperor | |
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| 1077 |
| | | The emperor Henry IV stands as a penitent outside the pope's castle at Canossa, so as to be released from excommunication. | |
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| 1095 |
| | | Pope Urban II preaches the first crusade, urging the Christians of Europe to march east to recover Jerusalem from the Muslims | |
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| 1113 |
| | | The Knights of St John of Jerusalem become an established order under papal protection | |
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| 1139 |
| | | Pope Innocent III and the second Lateran council outlaw the crossbow as a weapon causing unacceptable devastation | |
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| 1144 |
| | | The fall of Edessa prompts the pope, Eugenius III, to call for a second crusade to defend the Latin kingdom | |
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| 1208 |
| | | The murder of the pope's legate to Toulouse provokes the Albigensian crusade, which aims to wipe out the Catharist heresy | |
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| 1216 |
| | | The Dominicans are formally established by Pope Honorius III as Ordo Fratrum Praedicatorum, the Order of the Friars Preachers | |
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| 1220 |
| | | Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman emperor by a somewhat reluctant pope, Honorius III | |
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